Onyango & 1 other v The National Transport and Safety Authority (ntsa) & 3 others

JAVAN ….1STPETITIONER EMMANUEL PETITIONER Authority (NTSA) with effect from 10th June, 2026 BETWEEN ONYANGO………………………………………... KIPLAGAT……………………………..….....2ND VERSUS THE NATIONAL TRANSPORT AND SAFETY AUTHORITY (NTSA)………………………..…..1ST RESPONDENT THE CABINET SECRETARY, MINISTRY OF ROADS AND TRANSPORT…………..… ND 2 RESPONDENT THE HONOURABLE ATTORNEY RD GENERAL………...3 RESPONDENT AND THE OFFICE OF THE DATA PROTECTION COMMISSIONER…………………...INTERESTED PARTY RULING INTRODUCTION 1. The Notice of Motion subject of this ruling is dated 23 rd July 2026 and is presented pursuant to Articles 22,23 (3), 159(2) (d), 165 (3)(b) & (d) and 258 of the Constitution of Kenya and Rules 4, 23 and 25 of the Constitution of Kenya (Protection of Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) Practice and Procedure Rules, 2013. The Petitioner challenges the rollout of Kenya’s HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 2 OF 13

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new Electronic Motor Vehicle Registration Certificate (e-Logbook) system, arguing that the National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA, 1st Respondent) introduced it without complying with constitutional requirements. 2. The petitioners highlight that the programme fundamentally changes how ownership records are created and verified, yet was implemented without meaningful public participation, contrary to Article 10. They also argue that digitising sensitive vehicle-owner data triggers constitutional privacy protections under Article 31 and statutory obligations under the Data Protection Act, which the Respondents allegedly failed to meet. It is argued that the implementation of a centralized digital ownership platform inevitably entails the large-scale processing of sensitive personal information and therefore demands heightened safeguards. 3. The application further asserts that NTSA has not demonstrated adequate cybersecurity, privacy, operational resilience, disaster recovery, or vulnerability management measures before launching the system. The petitioners rely on concerns raised by stakeholders about digital exclusion, HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 3 OF 13

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accessibility, cybersecurity risks, privacy implications, and the legality of new fees. They argue that the Respondents have not disclosed critical documents such as Data Protection Impact Assessments, cybersecurity audits, public participation reports, procurement records, and legal approvals, which are necessary for constitutional accountability. 4. The applicant therefore seeks conservatory orders suspending implementation, halting new fees, and preventing invalidation of physical logbooks pending the determination of the Petition. 5. Finally, the petitioners contend that without court intervention, NTSA will continue expanding the programme, potentially rendering the petition nugatory and prejudicing millions of vehicle owners. They argue that the balance of convenience favours preserving the status quo, since public bodies cannot suffer prejudice by being required to demonstrate constitutional compliance. The Petitioners argue that it is in the interests of justice, constitutionalism, accountability and the rule of law that the conservatory orders sought herein be granted. The motion therefore seeks urgent HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 4 OF 13

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conservatory relief and mandatory disclosure orders to preserve the substratum of the petition. SUMMARY OF THE 1ST RESPONDENT’S RESPONSE 6. The 1st respondent’s replying affidavit is sworn on 28 July 2026 and asserts that it has the statutory mandate under the National Transport and Safety Authority Act and the Traffic Act, Cap. 403, and that the introduction of the Electronic Motor Vehicle Registration Certificate (eLogbook) is a lawful administrative modernisation rather than a legislative overhaul. The 1st respondent explains that the petitioners mischaracterise the eLogbook as a new legal regime, whereas the statutory register has been electronic since 2014 through the Transport Integrated Management System (TIMS). Reference is made to Sections 5A, 5B, 5D, 5E and 109 of the Traffic Act, asserting that Parliament expressly contemplated computerized registration and provided safeguards for integrity, security, and complaints handling where there is a breach. 7. Further, the 1st respondent sets out a chronology of public communications beginning with the Public Notice of 7 May HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 5 OF 13

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2026, followed by countdown notices, transition announcements, verification guidance, FAQs, and the NTSA Update of 11 June 2026. These materials, are all published on NTSA’s website, social media platforms, at Huduma Centres, and during virtual sensitisation sessions, are presented as evidence of transparency and procedural fairness. The materials were published in both English and Swahili. The respondent contends that Article 10 does not require full public participation for administrative improvements that do not create new legal rights stakeholder engagement sensitisation rather than was or obligations, appropriately legislative and that tailored to consultation. The respondent therefore rejects allegations of inadequate notice, coercion, or exclusion, asserting that physical logbooks remain valid and that no mandatory conversion deadline exists. 8. In response to the claims by the applicants of constitutional violations, the 1st respondent maintains that the petitioners have not demonstrated any infringement of Articles 31, 35, 40, 43, 47, or 48. The affidavit underscores that NTSA is a registered Data HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Controller and Page 6 OF 13 operates under a

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comprehensive Data Protection Policy and Privacy Statement. It stresses that the eLogbook processes only data lawfully collected under NTSA’s statutory mandate and incorporates encryption and QR-code verification to prevent fraud. The respondent further argues that the eLogbook enhances, rather than diminishes, property rights by strengthening ownership verification, and that digital exclusion claims are unfounded because physical logbooks remain valid and NTSA services remain accessible through offices and Huduma Centres nationwide. 9. Finally, the 1st respondent invokes the doctrines of separation of powers, presumption of constitutionality, and judicial restraint, asserting that courts should not interfere with executive policy choices absent illegality, irrationality, or procedural impropriety. The affidavit asserts that the Petitioners seek final orders at an interlocutory stage, contrary to established principles governing conservatory relief. The respondent contends that the orders sought are overbroad, disproportionate and would occasion substantial prejudice to the public interest. Suspension of the eLogbook system, it is HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 7 OF 13

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argued, would disrupt essential registration services, undermine fraud-prevention mechanisms, and revert the country to a manual system inconsistent with ongoing digital reforms. The Respondent therefore urges dismissal of the Petition and Motion dated 23 July 2026, asserting that the claims disclose no constitutional violation and rest merely on disagreement with a lawful administrative modernisation. SUMMARY OF THE CASE OF THE 2ND AND 3RD RESPONDENTS 10. The 2nd and 3rd respondents by grounds of opposition dated 30th July 2026 oppose the Notice of Motion contending that the application is procedurally infirm, misdirected, premature and fatally imprecise. The objection is anchored on the decision in Anarita Karimi Njeru v Republic [1979] KLR 154 on the precision doctrine as reaffirmed in Mumo Matemu v Trusted Society of Human Rights Alliance & 5 Others [2014] eKLR, the respondents argue that the Applicants have neither particularised the constitutional provisions allegedly infringed nor delineated the distinct role of each respondent in the purported violation. HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 8 OF 13

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11. The respondents further invoke the Supreme Court decision in Gatirau Peter Munya v Dickson Mwenda Kithinji & 2 Others [2014] eKLR on the threshold for grant of conservatory relief, asserting that no prima facie case, no risk of nugatory proceedings, and no public-interest justification has been demonstrated. It is argued that the allegations are speculative, generalised evidentiary foundation and hypothetical, required to sustain lacking the interlocutory constitutional relief. 12. Further, the respondents emphasise that the impugned eLogbook programme is a lawful administrative action grounded in the National Transport and Safety Authority Act, Cap. 404A, and therefore enjoys the presumption of constitutionality articulated by the Tanzanian Court of Appeal in Ndyanabo v Attorney General [2001] EA 495. The mandatory and quia timet orders sought at an interlocutory stage, the respondent argues, demand a heightened threshold as stated in Kenya Commercial Bank Limited v Kenya Planters Co-operative Union and Nguruman Limited v HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 9 OF 13

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Jan Bonde Nielsen & 2 Others [2014] eKLR, a threshold unmet by the Applicants. 13. The respondents also invoke the doctrines of constitutional avoidance and exhaustion, citing Republic v National Environment Management Authority & Another Ex-parte Sound Equipment Limited [2011] eKLR and Speaker of the National Assembly v Karume [1992] eKLR, noting that statutory mechanisms under the Data Protection Act and Access to Information Act remain unexhausted. 14. Finally, the Respondents assert that digitisation of the motor-vehicle efficiency, register economy, advances and Article integrity. 232 The values of balance of convenience, as guided by Nguruman and Gatirau Peter Munya cases (supra), is said to tilt decisively against disrupting a nationwide digital system midstream, given the administrative chaos and public prejudice such suspension would occasion. The respondent maintains that any eventual loss is compensable in damages and that no irreparable harm has been shown. On these grounds, the Respondent prays that the Application be dismissed with costs HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 10 OF 13

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SUMMARY OF SUBMISSIONS. 15. Both the petitioners and respondents made oral submissions on the application on 30th July 2026. 16. The Petitioners submit that the Application satisfies the constitutional threshold for conservatory relief. They argue that a prima facie case has been established, and that the balance of convenience favours preservation of the status quo pending determination of the Petition. They emphasise that the threatened harm is not merely administrative but constitutional in character, and therefore irreparable, as damages cannot compensate a constitutional violation. In their view, absent interim protection, citizens stand exposed to irreversible harm arising from the continued implementation of the impugned digital migration measures. Their position is that conservatory orders serve the constitutional function of preventing harm that would render the Petition illusory. 17. The respondents, in contrast, maintain that the applicants fall short of the established standard for conservatory relief under Gatirau Peter Munya v Dickson Mwenda Kithinji & 2 Others [2014] eKLR. They contend that the Petition rests HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 11 OF 13

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on a shaky foundation, lacking the demonstrable constitutional injury required to justify intervention at an interlocutory stage. The Respondents further argue that the orders sought are, in substance, final and mandatory, and therefore inappropriate for interim adjudication. In their submission, the balance of convenience tilts against granting the orders, as the disruption of an ongoing nationwide administrative system would occasion disproportionate harm to the public and undermine orderly governance. ANALYSIS AND DETERMINATION 18. Having considered the pleadings filed herein, alongside the rival submissions, the issues for determination area. Whether or not conservatory orders should issue and, if in the affirmative, the terms of the interim relief? b. What is the appropriate order on costs 19. In Judicial Service Commission v Speaker of the National Assembly & Another [2013] eKLR the Court stated as follows on the nature of conservatory orders: Conservatory orders in my view are not ordinary civil law remedies but are remedies provided for under HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 12 OF 13

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the Constitution, the Supreme law of the land. They are not remedies between one individual as against another but are meant to keep the subject matter of the dispute in situ. Therefore, such remedies are remedies in rem as opposed to remedies in personam. In other words, they are remedies in respect of a particular state of affairs as opposed to injunctive orders which may only attach to a particular person. 20. The principles for consideration by a court in exercising its discretion on whether or not to grant conservatory orders have been settled by courts over time, the precedent setting case being Gatirau Peter Munya-v- Dickson Mwenda Kithinji & 2 Others (2014)eKLR where the Supreme Court stated inter alia, as follows: [86] … Conservatory orders, consequently, should be granted on the inherent merit of a case, bearing in constitutional HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 mind the values, public and Page 13 OF 13 the interest, the proportionate

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magnitudes and priority levels attributable to the relevant courses. 21. In Nkunja v Magistrates and Judges Vetting Board & another [2016] KEHC 7269 (KLR) the Court summarised the three main principles for consideration on whether to grant conservatory orders as follows: [25] An applicant must demonstrate that he has a prima facie case with a likelihood of success and that unless the court grants the conservatory order, there is real danger that he will suffer prejudice as a result of the violation or threatened violation of the Constitution; Whether if a conservatory Petition alleging order is violation not granted, of, or threat the of violation of rights will be rendered nugatory; and The public interest must be considered before grant of a conservatory order. 22. The courts have clearly delineated the role of the Court at this interlocutory stage. The Court’s role is deliberately narrow yet constitutionally weighty. The Court does not interrogate the merits; it safeguards the continuity and integrity of the Petition. It is a jurisdiction exercised with HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 14 OF 13

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restraint, guided by fidelity to the Constitution rather than premature conclusions, and always attentive to the lived realities of those who stand to be affected by State action. 23. The public interest is the constitutional compass directing the Court’s discretion. The question is whether the interim prevention protects the broader community or disrupts essential administrative processes. The Court has to ensure that justice when ultimately rendered is not overtaken by events. 24. The respondent’s response is that the impugned document, that is the e-Log Book is extracted from the electronic register of motor vehicles, which has its statutory foundation in the Traffic Act and has been in existence since 2014 and whose constitutionality is not in contention. The applicants have not countered this assertion. 25. This state of affairs has the effect of diminishing the urgency of the matter and, in my estimation, an order that retains the validity of the existing physical log books will safeguard the interests of the applicants. HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 15 OF 13

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26. Consequently, and guided by the preservative purpose of conservatory relief, I deem it appropriate to allow the application only to the limited extent necessary to maintain the continued validity and recognition of physical logbooks pending the full hearing of the Petition. 27. The final orders are thereforea. Pending the hearing and determination of the Petition, a Conservatory Order hereby issues respondents from permanently restraining the discontinuing or invalidating existing physical Certificates of Registration (Logbooks) held by members of the public. b. This being a public interest litigation, each party will bear their own costs. It is so ordered DATED, SIGNED AND DELIVERED NAIROBI this 11th August 2026. VIRTUALLY AT P. M. NYAUNDI JUDGE In the Presence of Fardosa Court Assistant Ms. Khadija Taib holding brief for Ms. Kiramana for 2nd & 3rd Respondent HCCHRPET/E 492/2026 Page 16 OF 13

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