Mwambi Investment Limited v Kavisu & another

b. The 1st defendants be ordered to remove any construction or construction materials on the plainti's land; and c. Costs of the suit. 3. The 2nd defendant was not served with pleadings, and this court dismissed the claim against it. The 1st defendant led an amended defence and counterclaim dated 21st March 2023, in which he made several averments and also put the plainti to strict proof. He stated that he is the registered owner of the plainti’s land and has been in possession since 2016, and therefore was not a trespasser and admitted to having allowed contractors to place building materials on the plainti’s land. 4. Additionally, in the counterclaim, he stated that he bought the plainti’s land from British American Tobacco (K) Ltd while working at Camp General Engineering, which the vendor had contracted to subdivide the mother parcel on its behalf, with one of these subdivisions being the plainti’s land. The purchase price was Kshs. 1,000,000, which he paid in full, and the transfer was completed with the original title deed issued to him. Despite peaceful occupation, on 16th October 2016, his sons informed him that police and county ocers entered the plainti’s land, removed sand from it, and later, in November, carted away his 360 tonnes of crushed ballast. 5. To him, the plainti’s land title documents were irregular and fraudulent, and he enumerated the following particulars: - 6. a. The plainti, in collusion with the Chief Land Registrar and land ocials, was issued with a title deed number L.R. No. 17847 (I.R. 64883) similar to that issued to the 1st defendant and which was already in the 1st defendant’s possession. b. The plainti, colluding with county ocials at Mavoko sub-county, falsied public records by illegally and irregularly issuing rates, demand notices and receipts to the plainti when they knew that the 1st defendant had already made payments for the rates demanded. c. The plainti, in collusion with the ocials of the Survey of Kenya, obtained a deed plan as attached to the plainti’s title deed plan, which refers to subdivision in the parcel as 17849, yet the subdivision done was in the original number 12198. d. The plainti has occasioned the 1st defendant nancial loss as he has been unable to use the plainti’s land for ve years. He pleaded and detailed the loss, stating that by not leasing the land to approximately 40 contractors, he had missed out on a rental income of Kshs. 10,000 per month, a sum of Kshs. 4,500,000 for the value of 1000 tonnes of gypsum, plus an additional Kshs. 1,960,000 for 700 tonnes of iron ore. He therefore sought the following reliefs from the court: a. A declaration that the 1st defendant is the lawful owner of the plainti’s land. b. An order compelling the plainti and the 2nd defendant to surrender to the court any title deed in their possession with respect to the plainti’s land, registered in their names or any other name, save for the 1st defendant’s, for purposes of cancellation and revocation. c. An order directing the 3rd defendant to cancel and revoke any other title save for the plainti, over the plainti’s land. d. An order directing the Chief Land Registrar, Nairobi, to cancel and revoke any other title save for the 1st defendant over the plainti’s land. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2025/18302/eng@2025-12-16 2

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e. Special damages of Kshs. 6,800,000. f. General damages for loss of use of the land. g. Costs and interest thereon. h. Any other or further orders deemed necessary and just to grant in the circumstances. Issues for determination 7. 8. Having considered the pleadings and the evidence presented by the parties during the hearing on the merits and issues as framed in the led submissions, the following issues for determination arise: a. Who, between the plainti and the 1st defendant, is the legitimate owner of LR 17847-(I.R. 64883)? b. Who amongst the two is the trespasser? c. Should the reliefs sought by the parties be granted? Having outlined the issues to be decided, this court will now summarise the parties’ evidence related to these issues as identied. Moving forward, it is important to note that although the 1st defendant, in his counterclaim, sought orders against a 3rd defendant, nonetheless, the pleadings do not include such a party. Additionally, the 2nd defendant was not made a party to the counterclaim, and the reliefs he sought against it cannot be sustained. Hearing and evidence 9. The matter ultimately proceeded to a hearing on 29th May 2023, during which Agnes Nyaguthe Watatua (PW1), Vinecensia Juma (DWI), and the 1st defendant (DW2) testied. Their evidence was composed of witness statements (except for DW1, who was the land registrar and was summoned by the court), oral testimonies, and various documents produced. PW1’s and DW2’s testimonies reiterated their pleadings, so it is unnecessary to repeat them. 10. Additionally, PW1 testied that after obtaining injunctive orders from this court, she secured the plainti’s land and erected a perimeter wall around it. When she inquired at the land oce at Ardhi House, she discovered that the deed le was missing, but the plainti had since reconstructed it. She stated that although she did not have the sale agreement, she possessed other documents conrming that the plainti had purchased the land and that the owners of the building materials had carted away the materials found on the plainti’s land. During cross-examination, she retold her evidence in chief and informed the court that she did not have the original receipts showing payment of the purchase price, or did she have the particulars of the OB No. from the police. 11. To support her case, the plainti produced several documents including the certicate of title of the plainti’s land and showed the court the original copy (Pex1), the certicate of title the 1st or 2nd defendant left with the police that is registered in the 2nd defendant’s name (“2nd defendant’s land”) and marked as Pex2, survey plan (Pex3), various correspondence between the plainti, its advocates and Tyson Limited, and a copy of a cheque towards deposit of the purchase price (Pex4-6), letter to the OCS dated 24th February 2016, deed of indemnity (Pex11), Kenya gazette notice (Pex12), and an updated copy of title (Pex14). 12. As for DW1, he explained the process of recording documents at the land’s inland registry (I.R.) and informed the court that the records it held concerning the plainti’s land had been tampered with, https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2025/18302/eng@2025-12-16 3

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leading to their placement in the strong room. It also informed the court that the only records the Chief Land Registrar holds in custody are those related to the plainti’s land. 13. He armed this by stating that he is responsible for registering instruments attending court, approving applications in the system, handling land transactions, conducting hearings for disputes between parties, signing title documents, among other duties. 14. He explained the process of detecting the registration status of a parcel of land by stating that the procedure involves entering a Land Registry (LR) number in its system to check for existing les on a property. Initially, documents are veried physically, followed by checks in the system for multiple les (if any). 15. If the physical le is in the strong room, it is retrieved from there, and copies are made of it. If two titles are found, it indicates there are two les for the same property, which should not occur. In such cases, an investigation is conducted, parties are summoned for a hearing, and a decision is made. If the decision is unsatisfactory, parties are advised to seek court intervention. To him, in the instant case, the records showed there was one registered owner who was the plainti. 16. When he received a summons to attend the hearing and give evidence regarding the plainti’s land, he followed the process previously alluded to and established that the le had the habit of disappearing and reappearing, with the original le vanishing entirely. The person in charge of the strong room informed him of its disappearance. Upon reconstruction, the le was placed in the strong room’s safe. 17. Its records indicate the reconstructed le was opened on 7/5/2019 after parties inquired about the disappearance of the le, and the land oce did so after it recovered the deed le with the relevant transfer. In this reconstructed le, the documents he found were: a deed le cover, a copy of title, transfer dated 23/6/1995, a deed of indemnity dated 11/9/2008, an application for caveat of 1/7/2015, a gazette notice of 11/1/2019, a certicate of incorporation for the plainti, CR 12 dated 14/12/2018, a letter from P.C. Onduso & Company dated 15/5/2019, and a booking form dated 2/7/2015. These were produced as exhibits. 18. As to the procedure for verifying a deed of indemnity (in this case, the applicant was the plainti), he stated that the indemnity is processed through the registry superintendent and head of the strongroom. They examine for any other existing les; if another le is found, the indemnity application will not be approved. But if another le is not found, they reconstruct the record when the client (in this case, the plainti) provides the original title, and an entry is made in the title. 19. When questioned regarding the procedures for conducting ocial searches at the land oce, he testied that there are currently two types of searches. The rst is through the Ardhisasa platform, which is performed at Nairobi registries and initiated by an advocate possessing an account with the platform. The second type involves manual searches carried out by registries across the country. 20. Therefore, he opined that Dex6 and Dex7, which were ocial searches purportedly conducted for the years 2021 and 2022 and presented by the rst defendant, did not originate from the land oce. This is because these searches appeared to be generated from the e-Citizen platform, which was the ocial search system in use from 2002 until 2015 but was discontinued due to issues of fraud. In other words, these searches are considered to be fraudulent. 21. He stated instances of fraud may include vanishing les and using the contents of les held by the Lands Oce to produce false documents with the collusion of employees from the Ministry of Land. Additionally and as safeguards, a designated ocer is responsible for data entry. Once the registrar signs a certicate of title, it is recorded in a black book, which has been the customary practice. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2025/18302/eng@2025-12-16 4

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22. Furthermore, he also asserted that the 1st defendant’s title documents contained discrepancies- the deed plan indicated the LR No as 12197/8, whereas the certicate of title showed the LR as 17847 (Dex1). These documents were foreign as they were not recorded within their records. Additionally, he was unable to verify the authenticity of the rent clearance certicate submitted by the 1st defendant (Dex 11). 23. Regarding the 1st defendant, he also testied that after purchasing the suit property from BAT for Kshs. 1,000,000, he paid an initial deposit of Kshs. 100,000, followed by the remaining balance of Kshs. 900,000. However, he did not possess his original certicate of title, as it had been used as collateral to secure a loan, and he produced a memorandum of understanding dated 4th September 2012, between himself and an individual named Mark Kimanthi Muendo, acting as the lender (Dex3). He also testied that he had not provided documentary evidence to substantiate his claim of special damages. He stated that he used to be an employee of the 2nd defendant. Submissions 24. After the hearing concluded, and at the request of the parties, the parties argued their respective cases through written submissions that were well received from the law rms of Mss P.C Onduso & Co Advocates representing the plainti, dated 25/04/2025, and from Kalwa & Co. Advocates for the 1st defendant, dated 10/07/2025. Therefore, in its analysis and determination, the judgment will carefully consider the arguments presented in the rival submissions, along with the relevant law and judicial precedents cited. The issues previously identied will be addressed concomitantly. Analysis and determination 25. As concerns the rst limb, the pertinent legal framework for protection and impeachment of title documents over land is found in our Article 40 (1) and (6) of the Constitution. These provisions restrict legal protection to property that has been lawfully acquired and owned. According to these SubArticles, every person has the right, whether individually or in association with others, to acquire and own property within Kenya. Statutorily, Sections 24 and 25 of the Land Registration Act acknowledge the registered owner as the absolute owner of the land and provides protection under Section 24. However, a title document may be impeached on various grounds outlined in Section 26 of the Act, including fraud. 26. It is well-established law that fraudulent, illegal, and irregular conduct must be specically pleaded as required by Order 2 Rule 4 of the Civil Procedure Rules and proved with a standard of proof higher than the balance of probabilities but less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt. In the instant case, the 1st defendant’s claim met the 1st threshold by pleading and particularising fraud. 27. In respect of the 2nd threshold of proof, the evidential burden is placed upon the person alleging to prove his claim as provided by Sections 107 and 109 of the Evidence Act. Furthermore, relying solely on inference from the facts to establish fraud or irregularity is not allowed. In the case of Koinange and 13 others v Koinange [1986] KLR 23, which has been cited in several court decisions which this court associates with, the court rearmed the fundamental principle of the law of evidence that he who alleges must prove. In the case of Ratilal Gordhanbhai Patel v Lalji Makanji [1957] EA 314 and another [1979] KLR, it was established that fraud primarily concerns an individual’s state of mind and intentions, rather than the outcomes of their actions. 28. Additionally, fraud is dened by Black’s Law Dictionary, 11th Edn, at p. 802, as a knowing misrepresentation or knowing concealment of a material fact made to induce another to act to his or her detriment. Having particularised fraud as earlier emphasised in a past paragraph, the onus was on https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2025/18302/eng@2025-12-16 5

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the 1st defendant to substantiate it on a standard of proof exceeding the balance of probabilities but falling short of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. See the Court of Appeal decision in Vijay Morjaria v Nansingh Madhusingh Darbar & Hulashiba Nansingh Darbar (Civil Appeal 106 of 2000) [2000] KECA 223 (KLR) (Civ) 1 December 2000 (Judgment). 29. The respective parties submitted two certicates of title as evidence. This court recognises that it is a regrettable reality in this country that multiple titles often exist for the same parcels of land. In such cases, the court must determine the legitimate owner of the land parcels. 30. Consequently, and in such instances, the court frequently requests the land oce to produce its records as evidence. For sure, the legislation does not envisage the issuance of two titles, and technically, it should not happen, and this court is privy that the land oce is in the process of digitising its processes to seal loopholes that fraudsters have exploited. 31. In this case, the 1st defendant presented a title document. However, his own witness, whom he called to testify and who was the custodian of such records, dissociated himself from the document and punctured holes in the various documents, as detailed in his testimony, which this court has summarised above. The testimony of DW1 was consistent and unchallenged, and the witness appeared to be disillusioned with acts of fraudulent collusion between its ocers and members of the public, including the 1st defendant. 32. According to him, individuals engaged in fraudulent activities who targeted the plainti’s land had accessed its records and stolen documents. This situation necessitated the reconstruction of the land records, a process elaborately described as lengthy, involving the review of the blackbook, obtaining the deed le along with the relevant transfer documentation (which, in this instance, evidenced the plainti's payment of Ksh. 1,000,000 to the vendor), and acquiring the original certicate of title from the owner to authenticate the title. Once these steps are completed and veried, the subsequent procedures of gazettement and registration of indemnity are initiated. In this case, DW1 produced these documents. 33. Respecting the ocial searches, DW1 dismissed them, and his evidence was not contested. To this court, the 1st defendant did not displace the plainti’s title documents to the land. Therefore, this court is convinced, based on the testimony of PW1 as corroborated by DW1 and supported by documentary evidence, that the plainti holds a valid title deed for the land. To this court, their evidence was consistent, unchallenged, and credible. 34. To this court, the 1st defendant made a misguided attempt at fabricating documents, unaware that the lands oce possesses mechanisms for authenticating its records. The outcome could have been dierent if the plainti had not taken proactive measures to safeguard its land. Based on the adduced evidence, the court determines that the 1st defendant is a fraudulent individual who unlawfully entered the plainti’s land using forged documents without proper authority or permission. Additionally, the court nds that the 1st defendant is a trespasser. 35. In conclusion, based on the reasons and ndings articulated hereinabove, this court determines that the plainti has demonstrated its case to the required standard of proof, whereas that of the 1st defendant has not proved its counterclaim to the required standard. 36. It is well-established that trespass is actionable oence per se, without the necessity of demonstrating actual damage. Considering the duration of the trespass, the size of the aected property, the location, and the nature of the trespass, the court hereby awards the plainti Kshs 1,500,000/- as general damages. As costs follow the event, the plainti shall be entitled to costs. Consequently, the following nal disposal orders are hereby issued: - https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2025/18302/eng@2025-12-16 6

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a. The 1st defendant, by himself, his servants, employees, agents, workers, purchasers, or any person claiming under him, be restrained by a permanent injunction from invading, trespassing, selling, transferring, or in any other manner interfering with the plainti's property, known as LR. No. 17847 (I.R. 64883), situated within Athi River Township. b. An order is hereby made that the 1st defendant, by himself, his servants and/or agents or any other parties claiming under or through him, illegally on LR. No. 17847 (I.R. 64883) situated within Athi River Township, do vacate it and, at their own cost, remove any construction or construction materials therein within 90 days hereof and give the plainti vacant possession, and in default, the plainti shall forcefully evict them together with their servants or agents. c. The plainti is awarded general damages of Kshs. 1,500,000/-, which shall be borne by the 1st defendant. d. The 1st defendant’s counterclaim is dismissed with costs awarded to the plainti. e. The plainti shall have costs of its suit, which the 1st defendant shall bear. Judgment accordingly. DELIVERED AND DATED AT MACHAKOS THIS 16TH DAY OF DECEMBER, 2025. HON. A. Y. KOROSS JUDGE 16. 12.2025 Judgment delivered virtually through Microsoft Teams Video Conferencing Platform In the presence of; Ms Kanja Court Assistant Mr. Onindo holding brief for Mr. Onduso for plainti. N/A for defendants. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2025/18302/eng@2025-12-16 7

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