Makau & another v Attorney General & 3 others (Environment & Land Case 466 of 2017) [2025] KEELC 3394 (KLR)

2. The motion is supported by the grounds set out on the body thereof and the supporting afidavit of the 4th defendant’s business coordinator Wang Xiaoxiao which he deposed on 24/06/2024. 3. In summary of the grounds and afidavit, he stated the consent judgment of 11/08/2020 was made under economic duress caused by injunctive reliefs in the plaintifis’ favour against the 4th defendant. Further, the plaintifis had filed suit in fulfilment of the terms thereof in Machakos HCCC E023 of 2023 (“current suit”). 4. He stated in the alternative, and in light of the letter dated 5/05/2021 that was allegedly issued by the plaintifis, the court should deem the consent agreement as frustrated because the plaintifis had denied it access to certain properties. Plaintifis’ case 5. In opposing the motion, the 2nd plaintifi, Florence M. Mwangangi, with the authority of her coplaintifi, filed an afidavit she swore on 18/09/2024. 6. She contended the consent judgment could only be set aside on appeal or review, yet the 4th defendant had not moved the court in such a manner. 7. She maintained this motion had been filed with an inordinate delay- a delay of close to 4 years. 8. She argued that in arriving at the consent, the parties had had several engagements comprised of engineers, consultants, agents and counsel and the consent was signed voluntarily, willingly, knowingly, without duress or any other undue infiuence. 9. Furthermore, she maintained the consent judgment had partially been fulfilled as the construction had been undertaken by Enzyne Creations Ltd, which was unable to execute the works as contractors. 10. Nonetheless, the 4th defendant replaced it with another contractor namely Jinsing Enterprises Co. Ltd who efiectively executed the works for a few months to the foundation level but left the site in July 2021 after only completing 10% of the works. 1st and 2nd defendants’ case 11. 12. Through senior state counsel, M/s. Kubai, these defendants filed grounds of opposition dated 28/10/2024 in which they raised the following grounds: a. The motion is malafides. b. The parties and the advocates in the compromise and settlement agreement were all aware of material facts and there could have been no mistake or misunderstanding and it was binding on the parties. c. The motion is unmeritorious as the threshold for the grant of the orders could only be set aside on grounds of fraud or collusion, lack of consensus between the parties, or public policy or for such reasons as would enable the court to set aside or rescind a contract. d. The motion was frivolous, vexatious and an abuse of the court process. Significantly, the 3rd defendant did not participate in these proceedings. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2025/3394/eng@2025-04-29 2

page 2 of 5

Parties’ submissions 13. The court directed the parties to file written submissions. In compliance, the law firm of M/s. Hamilton Harrison & Mathews, who are on record for the 4th defendant, filed written submissions dated 8/01/2025. 14. These submissions framed the following issues for determination; when can a consent judgment be set aside, whether the consent and consequential consent judgment and decree should be declared void and whether the 4th defendant should be discharged from performing the consent. 15. The 2nd plaintifi’s submissions dated 3/01/2025 adopted the 4th defendant’s issues as the matters arising for determination. 16. The 1st and 2nd defendant’s submissions dated 5/02/2025 filed by their counsel framed 2 issues for determination, which were whether a consent judgement/decree can be set aside or varied, and who bears the costs of the motion. 17. Therefore, upon identifying and considering the issues for determination, this ruling shall, later on in its analysis and determination, consider the arguments posited on the particular issue in the submissions and also bear in mind the law and judicial precedents. Issues for determination. 18. I have carefully considered the motion, grounds of opposition, afidavits and the filed written submissions and the following issues which shall be handled separately arise for determination. a. Whether the consent judgment should be set aside. b. What orders should be issued, including an order as to costs? Analysis and Determination a. Whether the consent judgment should be set aside. 19. The power of this court to adopt consents or agreements of the parties and issue further orders is found in Order 25 Rule 5 of the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR). 20. However, before this court proceeds further, it must address certain issues that were raised by the plaintifis in respect of the manner in which the 4th defendant has moved the court. 21. This court agrees with the 2nd plaintifi that the consent judgment can only be set aside on appeal or review. Being the court that adopted the consent, it follows that a review of the consent judgment should sufice in the circumstances of this case. 22. Nevertheless, even if the 4th defendant has not invoked Section 80 of the Civil Procedure ACT and Order 45 Rule 1 of the Civil Procedure Rules, which apply in instances of review, it is this court’s humble view that this is a minor infraction. 23. In light of Article 159 (2) (d) of the Constitution, this court considers the 4th defendant’s oversight a technical issue that does not go to the merits of the motion before this court. 24. As submitted by all parties who filed submissions, it is trite law that a consent judgment or order can only be set aside on the same grounds as would justify the setting aside of a contract, for example, on the grounds of fraud, mistake or misrepresentation. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2025/3394/eng@2025-04-29 3

page 3 of 5

25. This court adopts the position taken by the Court of Appeal in Kenya Commercial Bank Ltd v Specialized Engineering Company Ltd [1980] KEHC 11 (KLR), which held that: “ prima facie any order made in the presence and with the consent of counsel is binding on all parties to the proceedings and cannot be varied or discharged unless obtained by fraud or collusion or by an agreement contrary to the policy of the court or if the consent was given without suficient materials or in misapprehension or ignorance of material facts in general for a reason which would enable the court to set aside an agreement.” 26. The 4th defendant has profiered 2 grounds why the consent judgment should be set aside which are economic duress and frustration by the plaintifis. 27. Thus, it was incumbent upon it to substantiate these grounds by tendering suficient evidence and proving the consent judgment warranted being set aside. It must be noted that when considering such an application, the court has to exercise judicious discretion. 28. As stated in Chitty on Contracts, Volume 1 - General Principles, paragraphs 10-028, one of the ingredients of economic duress is proof by an applicant that it lacked a reasonable alternative by stating: “ The claimant must show that, as a separate and independent requirement, that in an objective sense, they had no reasonable alternative - in other words, that any reasonable person in the same predicament would have acted in the same way.” 29. Closer home, the Court of Appeal in LTI Kisii Safari Inns Ltd & 2 others v Deutsche InvestitionsUnd Enwicklungsgellschaft (‘Deg’) & others [2011] KECA 1 (KLR) summarised the tests of assessing economic duress in the following manner: “ (43) The relevant factors in determining whether economic duress has been established include whether the victim protested, whether there existed an efiective alternative remedy, the availability of independent advice, the benefit received and the speed with which the victim sought to avoid the contract (see Pao on –Vs- Lau Yiu [1979] 3 ALL ER 65 p. 78, 79).” 30. The reason advanced by the 4th defendant as to why it believes there was economic duress is the existence of an injunctive relief in the plaintifis’ favour. 31. On the application of the tests outlined in LTI Kisii (Supra) and in agreeing with the plaintifis and 1st and 2nd defendants’ counsel, this court concludes the 4th defendant has not met the threshold for several reasons, as shall be seen shortly. 32. Article E of the consent demonstrates that parties had several engagements and, in their presence, they were represented by their respective engineers and consultants and in the execution thereof, they were jointly represented by the law firm of Odera Obar & Co. Advocates. There was no protest whatsoever in signing the agreement. 33. Additionally, instead of executing the consent, the parties had the option of setting down the matter for hearing on a priority basis. Further, if indeed the 4th defendant was genuine in its allegations, it would have taken urgent steps to file this motion yet it filed it inordinately late- a period of close to 4 years. 34. Of most significance is that paragraph 4.12 of the consent is very categorical that there was no duress in executing the agreement, and it was entered into by free will. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2025/3394/eng@2025-04-29 4

page 4 of 5

35. To refresh the 4th defendant’s memory of this paragraph that binds it, it is paramount for this court to extract it word for word: “ The parties expressly represent and warrant that this agreement has been freely and voluntarily entered into and they did not execute this agreement under duress of any kind, from any party or person, regardless of whether they are a signatory hereto”. 36. As has been submitted by the plaintifis and 1st and 2nd defendants' counsel, this court finds that the case for economic duress never arose and it appears the 4th defendant is just fishing for an avenue of absolving itself from the consent judgment and the matter in Machakos HCCC E023 of 2023. 37. Turing to the ground of frustration, in Halsbury's Laws of England, Vol 1. 9(1), 4th edition, paragraph 897, the authors state as follows: “ As subsequently developed, the doctrine of frustration operates to excuse from further performance where: (1) it appears from the nature of the contract and the surrounding circumstances that the parties have contracted on the basis that some fundamental thing or state of things will continue to exist, or that some particular person will continue to be available, or that some future event which forms the basis of the contract will take place; and (2) before breach, an event in relation to the matter stipulated in head (1) above renders performance impossible or only possible in a very difierent way from that contemplated.” 38. As evidence of non-performance of the contract by frustration which hindered the performance of the consent judgment, the 4th defendant has tendered an incomplete, undated and unsigned document whose makers are unknown. This court has totally been unable to comprehend the contents therein and it follows it does not meet the threshold of frustration as stated in Halsbury's (Supra). 39. The 4th defendant entered into a consent judgment willingly and in the absence of evidence of frustration or economic duress, this court finds the notice of motion is not merited. It entered the consent well knowing the injury they had caused to the plaintifis’ house and wanted to make good for the damages thereof, and it is bound by the terms thereof. 40. The upshot is that the Motion dated June 25, 2024 is dismissed and since costs follow the event, this court awards costs to the plaintifis and 1st and 2nd defendants. Orders accordingly. DELIVERED AND DATED AT MACHAKOS THIS 29TH DAY OF APRIL, 2025. HON. A. Y. KOROSS JUDGE 29.04.2025 Ruling delivered virtually through Microsoft Teams Video Conferencing Platform In the presence of; 1st plaintifi 2nd plaintifi Mr. Mwihuri for 4th defendant Ms Kanja- Court Assistant https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2025/3394/eng@2025-04-29 5

page 5 of 5