Patel & another v Oluoch & 6 others

Kenya (hereinafter referred to as "the suit property”) after having lawfully and procedurally acquired the same for valuable consideration of Kshs. 10,500,000/- from its previous owner, the 1st Defendant. 3. The Plaintis averred that after the suit property was registered in their names, they took over possession of the same and constructed a perimeter wall around the same together with a semipermanent structure thereon for a caretaker to look after the premises for and on their behalf. The Plaintis averred that while they were in the process of commencing major developments and investments on the suit property, they were confronted at the suit property by the 7th Defendant who claimed to be the registered owner of the property. 4. The Plaintis averred that following this encounter, they reported the matter to the police who commenced investigations. The Plaintis averred that in the course of the said investigations, they visited the lands oce at Kisumu where the 4th Defendant gave them a letter dated 30th September 2013 indicating that the transaction between the Plaintis and the 1st Defendant through which the Plaintis acquired the suit property was fraudulent and that the Plaintis were required to return the title for the suit property that was lawfully issued to them for immediate cancellation. The Plaintis averred that it was dishonest, irresponsible, ludicrous and callous on the part of the 4th Defendant to allege that the suit property was acquired fraudulently when all the searches conducted at the lands oce showed that indeed the property was registered in the name of the 1st Defendant and had no subsisting encumbrances and as such was available for purchase. 6. The Plaintis averred that they were diligent in their engagement with the Defendants before and after the transaction in question. The Plaintis averred that all the searches and inquiries made at the lands oce conrmed that the suit property was available for acquisition. The Plaintis averred that based on the said information, the Plaintis completed the transaction and obtained a valid title as purchaser for value without notice of any defect in title whatsoever. 7. The Plaintis averred that they complied with all the statutory and administrative procedures conditional upon the acquisition of the aforesaid property and remitted the computed stamp duty payable for the property and other incidental expenses to the government as required of them. The Plaintis averred that the 4th Defendant had no statutory power to cancel a title deed that was lawfully issued. The Plaintis averred that the intended cancellation of the Plaintis’ title to the suit property by the 4th Defendant was unlawful, untenable, ultra vires the relevant law and the constitution and therefore null and void ab initio. The Plaintis averred that prior to entering into the aforesaid transaction regarding the suit property until completion, the Plaintis trusted the ocers at the lands oce and the information given by them more particularly the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Defendants who assured the Plaintis that the suit property was clean and available for purchase. 8. The Plaintis averred that they trusted the 1st Defendant who had actual possession of the suit property and a title deed thereto, a fact that was conrmed and veried by the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Defendants. The Plaintis averred that if the suit property belonged to the 7th defendant, which they denied, the actions of the 1st to 4th Defendants amounted to a breach of contract, trust and statutory duty the particulars of which they pleaded in detail. The Plaintis averred that the 7th Defendant actively participated, connived and acted in conspiracy with the 1st to 5th Defendants to defraud the Plaintis. 9. The Plaintis averred that due to the Defendants' fraudulent actions, they stood to suer immense loss and damage should their said title to the suit property be cancelled. The Plaintis prayed for judgment against the Defendants jointly or severally for; a. A declaration that the Plaintis were the lawful registered proprietors of the suit property as benecial purchasers for value without notice of any defect in the title and are thus entitled https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 2

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to the physical possession, occupation and enjoyment of all proprietary rights appurtenant thereto. b. A declaration that the 4th and 5th Defendants and/ or their designated ocials did not have the statutory powers to purport to cancel the Plaintis’ lawfully issued title deed in respect of the suit property. c. In the alternative and without prejudice to (a) above, an order compelling the Defendants jointly and severally to refund and compensate the Plaintis for the sum of Kshs. 10,500,000/and other incidental expenses incurred during the entire transaction by dint of statutory indemnity. d. General damages for breach of contract, trust, and statutory duty. e. Exemplary and aggravated damages. f. Cost of the suit. 10. The 1st Defendant did not enter appearance. The 2nd Defendant entered an appearance and led a statement of defence on 24th October 2014 to the original plaint. The 2nd Defendant averred that she was wrongly joined as a party to the suit in her personal capacity. The 2nd Defendant denied all the allegations made against her in the plaint. The 2nd Defendant averred that while executing the documents the subject of the suit, she acted in her ocial capacity and within the law in the execution of her duties. The 2nd Defendant averred that she discharged her duties diligently as provided for by the law. The 2nd Defendant contended that the suit was scandalous, vexatious and an abuse of the court process. The 2nd Defendant averred that the suit disclosed no or any reasonable cause of action against the 2nd Defendant. The 2nd Defendant prayed that the suit be dismissed with costs. 11. The 3rd Defendant led a statement of defence on 11th April 2014 which was amended on 8th March 2019.The 3rd Defendant denied the allegations made against him in the plaint. The 3rd Defendant averred that if he executed the certicate of ocial search dated 31st May 2013, he did so in the execution of his ocial duties and reliance on the ocial records. The 3rd Defendant denied that he was guilty of breach of trust and statutory duty owed to the Plaintis and that he connived and conspired with the other Defendants to defraud the Plaintis. 12. The Attorney General entered an appearance and led a statement of defence on behalf of the 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants on 16th November 2015 in which the 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants denied the allegations made against them in the plaint. The 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants averred that the 7th Defendant had always been the registered owner of the suit property. 13. The 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants averred that the 4th Defendant has statutory power to call for and cancel any title to property that it has established to have been acquired fraudulently. The 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants averred that if the Plaintis conducted any form of due diligence prior to the transaction in question, the Plaintis would not have been defrauded by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Defendants. The 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants averred that the Plaintis could not be deemed as purchasers for value without notice of defect in the title that was held by the 1st Defendant as the 1st Defendant had no title to the suit property capable of being transferred to the Plaintis. The 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants prayed that the Plaintis’ suit be dismissed with costs. 14. The 7th Defendant led a statement of defence on 25th February 2019. The 7th Defendant denied that the Plaintis were at all material times the registered proprietors of the suit property. The 7th Defendant averred that he was the registered owner of the suit property which he purchased on 28th https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 3

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April 1979 and that a certicate of title was issued to him in respect thereof on 15th April 1991. The 7th Defendant averred that he had never advertised the suit property for sale. The 7th Defendant averred that the certicate of ocial search which showed that the 1st Defendant was the owner of the suit property was null and void ab initio as the 1st Defendant had never owned the suit property and had no title in the same to pass to the Plaintis. The 7th Defendant averred that criminal proceedings were instituted against the 1st, 3rd and 4th Defendants and other parties in Criminal Case No. 364 of 2013 in which the 7th Defendant was called as a witness and gave testimony on behalf of the complainant. The 7th Defendant averred that in the said criminal case, the 1st Defendant was found guilty of receiving payment of Kshs. 10,500,000/- through false pretense from the Plaintis as he neither had a property to sell nor proper title to transfer. The 7th Defendant averred that the whole transaction in which the Plaintis acquired the suit property was fraudulent and that the Plaintis actively participated in the fraud. The 7th Defendant averred that the 4th Defendant had statutory power to cancel a title obtained fraudulently. The 7th Defendant averred that the Plaintis acted negligently in the transaction in dispute in that they failed to conduct sucient due diligence and to carry out a valuation of the suit property to determine its market price. The 7th Defendant averred that the Plaintis could not be innocent purchasers of the suit property for value when the transaction in which they acquired the property was fraudulent. The 7th Defendant averred that the Plaintis were not entitled to the reliefs sought in the counter-claim. The 7th Defendant prayed that the suit be dismissed with costs. 15. At the trial, the 1st Plainti (PW1) gave evidence on his own behalf and on behalf of the 2nd Plainti who was his wife. PW1 adopted his witness statement led together with the plaint on 27th December 2013 as his evidence in chief and produced the bundle of documents also led together with the plaint on the same date as P.EXH.1. PW1 stated that he could no longer access the suit property. He stated that after purchasing the suit property from the 1st Defendant and paying for it, the 7th Defendant came to him after about 2 months claiming that he was the owner of the suit property. He stated that the 7th Defendant did not come to the scene until he purchased and paid for the property. He stated that the 2nd Plainti gave him permission to represent her in the suit and he had a letter of authority dated 23rd December 2013 from her which he produced as P.EXH.2. He stated that the 7th Defendant’s silence allowed the fraudsters to take his money. 16. On cross-examination by the advocate for the 3rd Defendant, PW1 stated that he conducted a search and the 3rd Defendant who was then working at the land registry issued him with a certicate of ocial search which showed that the 1st Defendant was the owner of the suit property. He stated that it was this search which was linking the 3rd Defendant to the fraud. PW1 stated that he was faulting the 3rd Defendant because he should have known what was happening at the land registry. He stated that the 3rd Defendant supplied him with information from a forged land register. PW1 stated that he did not know who was responsible for the forgery. 17. On cross-examination by the advocate for the 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants, PW1 stated that he was introduced to the 1st Defendant who sold him the suit property by Mr. Dacho who was working at the Municipal Council of Kisumu. He stated that the 1st Defendant was staying on the suit property together with his brother, Benson Ochieng Oluoch. He stated that the 1st Defendant told him that the suit property belonged to him and that he inherited the same from his deceased father, Nicholas Bongu. He stated that the area chief conrmed that the suit property belonged to the 1st Defendant and his said brother. He stated that he was aware of the criminal case in which the 1st and 3rd Defendants were found guilty and were sentenced. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 4

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18. On cross-examination by the advocate for the 7th Defendant, PW1 stated that he was aware of criminal case No. 2 of 2014 in which they complained against among others the 1st Defendant and in which the accused persons were found guilty. He stated that the court found that the 1st Defendant had received Kshs. 10,500,000/- from them fraudulently. He stated that the court found that the 1st Defendant had no authority to sell the suit property to him. PW1 stated further that he only fenced a portion of the suit property. 19. On re-examination, PW1 stated that the judgement in the criminal case was delivered on 9th December 2016 while this suit was pending. He stated that it was after that that he amended the plaint to join the 7th Defendant in the suit. On examination by the Court, PW1 stated that he did not know if the Defendants were related. He stated that when he went to the suit property, the 1st Defendant had a house on the suit property. He reiterated that the 7th Defendant came forward after he had completed the transaction and paid the money. PW1 stated that all the people who were charged in the criminal case were employed at the land’s oce. He stated that he sued the 2nd Defendant because she was the one who issued a title deed in his favour for the suit property. 20. The Plaintis’ next witness was Msabi Chacha (PW2) who was an employee of the Judiciary working at the High Court Criminal Registry. He came to court to produce High Court Criminal Appeal les for Criminal Appeals, No. 1 of 2017, No. 2 of 2017 and No. 3 of 2017. The les had the entire records of the appeals and the records of the lower court proceedings. In the les, there were judgments delivered in Criminal Appeal Nos. 3 and 4 of 2017(consolidated), and Criminal Appeal No. 1 of 2017. The les also had the record of appeal in Criminal Appeal No. 1 of 2017, and original record and supplementary record of appeal in Criminal Appeal No. 3 of 2017. He produced certied copies of the two (2) judgments as P.EXH 2 and P.EXH 3 respectively.PW2 stated that from the record, Criminal Appeal No. 2 of 2017 was abandoned. The appellants in the appeal were James Nyangweso, Charles Were Opiyo and Heson Amino Atundo. The appeal was marked as abandoned on 30th January 2018 through an order by Hon. D. Majanja J. 21. On cross-examination by the advocate for the 3rd Defendant, PW2 stated that the 2nd Defendant, Dorothy Letting was a witness in the criminal case and not an accused person. On cross-examination by the advocate for the 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants, PW2 stated that the appellant in Criminal Appeal No. 1 of 2017 was the 1st Defendant and the appeal was allowed. PW2 stated that the appellants in Criminal Appeal No. 3 and 4 of 2017 were John Gachichi and John Nyambogo Ndege and the conviction of the 2nd appellant was set aside while the 1st appellant was acquitted in respect of only one count. 22. After the close of the Plaintis’ case, the 7th Defendant gave evidence as DW1. DW1 adopted his two witness statements led on 31st October 2017 when he was added to the suit as an interested party and on 25th February 2019 after being made a defendant as his evidence in chief. He was initially an Interested Party in the suit and led a witness statement as an interested party. He also produced two bundles of documents; the one attached to the Interested Party’s list of documents led on 31st October 2017 and the other to the supplementary list of documents attached to the 7th Defendant’s defence led on 25th February 2019 as D.EXH. 1 and D.EXH. 2 respectively. He stated that he was not related to the 1st Defendant, Samuel Okoth Oluoch and did not even know him. 23. On cross-examination by the Plaintis’ advocate, DW1 stated that he was the proprietor of the suit property. He stated that he entered into a sale agreement in respect of the suit property in 1979 as the chairman of Chambedo Ltd. and got a title in 1991 in his name. He stated that the agreement of sale was dated 28th April 1979. He stated that he bought the property from Nicholas Bongu Ngonga. He stated that he entered into two (2) agreements for sale. He stated that the other agreement was with https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 5

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Silvanus Bonyo Ngonga. He stated that Nicholas Bongu Ngonga and Silvanus Bonyo Ngonga were brothers owning one parcel of land. He stated that the second agreement was not produced through an error. He stated that the purchaser of the suit property was Chambedo Ltd. and that he signed the agreement as the Chairman of the Company and Mr. Oganda was a witness. He stated that he did not know the 1st Defendant. He stated that he did not develop the land but planted trees along the boundary of the property which were destroyed by cattle and others during the road expansion in the area. He stated that the late Mathew Oganda was looking after the property for him. He stated that Mathew Oganda died about 10 years ago. He stated that he would give him something from time to time. DW1 stated that he lived in Nairobi and Ugunja and visited the suit property from time to time on his way to Nairobi. He stated that Chambedo Ltd. was a family company and that the company transferred the suit property to him. He stated that when he purchased the suit property, it had not been adjudicated and as such it had no parcel number. 24. He stated that Nicholas Bongu sued him in 2001 in Kisumu HCCC No. 3 of 2001. He stated that he was not familiar with the case and did not know its outcome. He stated that he was not aware that he led a counterclaim in the case. He stated that the property was not abandoned and it was Mr. Oganda who reported to him that Nicholas Bongu had put his children on the land. He stated that he reported the matter to the police and they were arrested. DW1 stated that if the Plaintis had done due diligence they would have known that there were people who had been arrested concerning the parcel of land. 25. DW1 stated that the theft of the land started in 1999 and by 2013 when the Plaintis purported to purchase the suit property, there was already a case in court over the suit property. He stated that he learnt that the Plaintis were claiming the land in 2013 and he reported the matter to the police. He stated that there was nothing more he could do to protect the land. 26. On cross-examination by the advocate for the 3rd Defendant, DW1 stated that he was blaming the 2nd Defendant for the fraud because she claimed that the suit property belonged to somebody else. 27. On cross-examination by the advocate for the 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants, DW1 stated that he was the rst registered owner of the suit property. He stated that he discovered that there was interference with the suit property in November 2000. He stated that there was a criminal case in which Nicholas Bongu and his son were the accused persons. He stated that he had produced the proceedings and judgment entered in that case. He stated that the land registrar did not err in cancelling the fraudulent entries in the register. On re-examination, DW1 conrmed that Chambedo Ltd. was a family company and the directors were his children. 28. The next to give evidence was the 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants’ witness, Boaz Oketch Juma (DW2). He stated that he was working as a land registrar in Kisumu. He adopted his witness statement dated 27th September 2023 as his evidence in chief. DW2 produced the 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants’ documents led on 1st November 2017 as DEXH.3. DW2 stated that the suit property was adjudicated in favour of the 7th Defendant and was registered in the name of the 7th Defendant on 14th March 1991. He stated that the 7th Defendant was issued with a title deed on 15th April 1991. DW2 stated that the 7th Defendant was issued with a copy of the register for the suit property on 2nd February 2000 before the fraudulent entries shown in a copy of the register at page 6 of DEXH. 3 were made. He stated that the said entries were cancelled for being fraudulent. DW3 stated that a copy of the register at page 8 of D.EXH.3 which showed Nicholas Bongu Oluoch as the rst registered owner of the suit property, the 1st Defendant as the second registered owner and the Plaintis as the third registered owners was a forgery. He stated that there cannot be two parallel registers in respect of the same parcel of land. He stated that when the forgery was discovered, the land registrar wrote to the beneciaries of the forgery and also to the Directorate of Criminal Investigations. He stated that following the letter, the title https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 6

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issued to the Plaintis was cancelled and several people were charged. He stated that according to the records held at the land registry, the owner of the suit property was the 7th Defendant. 29. On cross-examination by the advocate for the Plainti, DW3 stated that he was not in Kisumu when the transactions in question took place. He stated that all the documents which he produced in evidence were in their custody as part of their records of land. He stated that the documents were a true reection of the ownership of the suit property. He stated that the extract of the register at page 8 of D.EXH.3 was a forgery and did not show ownership. He stated that there was no need to cancel something which was forgery. He stated that in the extract of the register at page 6 of D.EXH.3 false entries were cancelled and the genuine entries restored. He stated that in the extract of the register at page 8 of D.EXH.3, the whole document was a forgery. He stated that in declaring the said register a forgery, they relied on the genuine register. He stated that he did not know when and how this forged register came to be in their records. 30. DW2 stated further that the 2nd and 3rd Defendants were land registrars and that any information coming from the land registry is ocial information. He stated that he was not aware that the ocers who issued a search showing that the suit property was owned by the 1st Defendant were charged and convicted. He stated that apart from conducting a search, a potential purchaser of land should do more like conducting a survey and doing a ground search. He stated that the purchaser must also talk to the people in the neighbourhood and also look at the adjudication documents. He stated that these are best practices. 31. On cross-examination by the advocate for the 3rd Defendant, DW2 stated as follows: The documents for a parcel of land are kept in the binders, safe custody and parcel le. The documents that he had produced were kept in the parcel le. He had produced two sets of the registers which had elements of forgery. When a document is in safe custody it must be noted in the safe custody register. He had not brought the safe custody register in court. It was from that register that they could tell that some documents relating to this property were kept in safe custody. For a search, the applicant would ll a form and leave it at the registry for their clerks to work on it. The clerks would go to the binder and check if the register for the particular parcel is in the binder. They are supposed to ll the search form and take it together with the binder containing the register to the land registrar. 32. The land registrar is to ascertain that the entry in the search form is in agreement with the register in the binder. He will then sign the search and hand it over to the applicant. The entries in the extract of the register at page 8 of D.EXH3 are the same as those in the register at page 109 of P.EXH.1 save for the words “forgery”. He stated that he could not blame the 2nd Defendant since she must have acted in good faith. He stated that the search at page 37 of P.EXH.1 was signed by the 3rd Defendant and the entries are in accordance with the entries in the register at page 109 of P.EXH.1. He stated that the 3rd Defendant must have acted in good faith based on the documents that were placed before him. 33. On cross-examination by the advocate for the 7th Defendant, DW2 stated that there was no adjudication record to support the forged register. He stated that if the Plaintis had extended the search to adjudication records, they would have realised the fraud. On re-examination by Ms. Jumma, DW2 stated that the Plaintis were notied in writing about the fraud and that the fraudulent records had been expunged. He stated that the forgery was discovered when the 7th Defendant came with his original title deed and it was found that the original register was available. He stated that investigations revealed the fraud and it was discovered that the forged register was planted at the land registry. 34. The last witness was the 2nd Defendant who gave evidence as DW3. DW3 stated as follows in her evidence in chief. She was the County Land Registrar, Machakos County. Before that, she was a land registrar at Kisumu. She came to Kisumu in 2013 and served for 6 months. She then left in the same https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 7

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year and came back in May 2019. She served until May 2023 when she left for Machakos. She was posted to Kisumu in May 2013 and reported in June 2013. She signed the search certicate at page 63 of P.EXH.1. The entries in the certicate of search were made by Mr. Ombaya. An application for a search is made and paid for. The application is then allocated to a clerical ocer who looks for the records, lls the certicate of search and presents it to the land registrar for signature. When lling out the certicate of ocial search, the clerical ocer uses the register from the binder. This particular clerk brought to her the certicate of ocial search duly lled and the binder which had the register inside. A register is presented to the land registrar so that he can conrm that the certicate of search complies with the register. The register at page 8 of D.EXH.3 is written on the face of it forgery. The entries in the search dated 9th July 2013(page 63 P.EXH.1) were in accordance with the information in this register. 35. She testied further that a search normally picks only the last entries and that she was the one who registered the transfer between the 1st Defendant and the Plaintis and that was why her signature was in the register with a mark “forgery”. At the time she dealt with this transaction, the words “forgery” were not written on the face of this register. The register was marked as a forgery when the 7th Defendant came up to claim the land and after investigations, fraudsters and land ocers were arrested and charged. She was a witness in the criminal case. She was not charged. If at the time she dealt with the transaction there was a note that the register was a forgery, she would not have processed the transfer. She was not charged because she came to Kisumu when the transaction had commenced. By the time the matter came to her table, a lot had been done by other land registrars. The transaction was at an advanced stage when she got involved. The person who made entries in the search is the same one who made entries in the register. He was a senior clerical ocer and was seconded to the Land Control Board. 36. DW3 stated that she signed the title deed at page 59 of P.EXH.1 on 4th July 2013. She stated that the entries in the title deed were in accordance with the register that she had referred to. She stated that she relied on the register that was in the binder when she was signing the documents that she had referred to. She signed the documents in the course of her duty as a land registrar. She did not get any nancial gain in the transaction. The register was marked as a forgery after the 7th Defendant complained and investigations were conducted. The lawful owner of the suit property was the 7th Defendant. When she signed the register she had referred to, she had no information that the property belonged to the 7th Defendant. She relied on the documents which were brought before her. The transaction was done when she was barely 3 weeks in the Kisumu oce. When investigations were carried out, she was not found culpable. The fraudsters were found and charged. She wanted the case against her dismissed. She worked with the 3rd Defendant for 6 months and she was familiar with his signature. The ocial search at page 37 of P.EXH.1 dated 31st May 2019 was signed by the 3rd Defendant. The search showed that the suit property was owned by the 7th Defendant. The 3rd Defendant signed the documents as a land registrar. 37. On cross-examination by the advocate for the 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants, DW3 stated that she did not know the 1st Defendant at a personal level. She stated further that she did not know that the original documents for the suit property were in the strong room. She stated that the documents in the strong room were normally listed in a book. She stated that the book was not available when she was signing the documents as she was new at the station. She stated that there was a failure on the part of the head land registrar. She stated that it was his duty to disclose all the documents which had been kept in safe custody. 38. On cross-examination by the advocate for the 7th Defendant, DW3 conrmed that the 7th Defendant was the lawful owner of the suit property. In re-examination, DW3 stated that the book on which the https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 8

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documents kept in the safe are recorded is called the Safe Custody Register. She stated that the book is kept with the Registrar in charge. She stated that at the material time, the Registrar in charge was George Gachihi. He stated that the book was found in his custody and she did not know who brought it to court. She stated that if the book was in her custody, she would not have acted on the documents which were presented to her. 39. The 3rd Defendant’s witness statement led on 28th June 2016 was admitted as his evidence. He did not give oral testimony. After the close of evidence, the parties were directed to make closing submissions in writing. The Plaintis’ submissions 40. The Plaintis led submissions dated 10th April 2024. The Plaintis submitted that the scheme that led to the Plaintis losing their money was well choreographed. The Plaintis submitted that the 7th Defendant was absent throughout the transaction until the last payment. The Plaintis submitted that all the players from the local chief to the land registrars gave a green light to the plainti to enter into the impugned transaction and part with the entire purchase price. The Plaintis submitted that the question as to whether it is the government employees at the lands oce or the government who should compensate the Plaintis for their loss would depend on whether the said ocers were conducting their duties or were on a frolic of their own. The Plaintis submitted that the burden of proving that the said ocers were discharging their duties was on them while the burden of proving that they were on a frolic of their own rested with the Plaintis. The Plaintis submitted that they had demonstrated that they had conducted all necessary due diligence. The Plaintis submitted that by failing to disclose that the suit property had two sets of registers and that one was genuine and another one fake, the land registrar made the plaintis to believe that all was well. The Plaintis submitted that the land registrar abdicated his responsibility and could not be said to have been discharging his duty. The Plaintis submitted that the land registrars in this case were of a frolic of their own. The Plaintis submitted that the actions of these land registrars could not be said to be actions of the government. The Plaintis submitted that the land registrars concerned should be held personally liable for the Plaintis' loss. In support of this submission, the Plaintis cited Dr. Olango Onudi the acting County Secretary v. Samuel Okuro & Others, CA NO. 79 OF 2018, where the Court of Appeal stated as follows: “ The law is that public ocers do not enjoy immunity from litigation in respect to acts, which though done in the name of the oce, are overtly outside the remit of their oces. If there is need for support of this now well settled proposition, is the decision of this Court in Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission –vs- Judith Marilyn Okungu & another (2017) eKLR where the Court held as follows; “… There is ample authority to the eect that a person against whom fraud or illegality is alleged cannot escape personal liability (should the fraud or illegality be proved) on the basis that he was acting as an agent or servant of another. Indeed, government functionaries of whatever seniority are not immune from personal liability for unlawful acts such as deceit, fraud or contempt of court. See STANDARD CHARTERED vs. PNSC (supra) and M. Vs. HOMES OFFICE & ANOR (supra). The latter case 12 locates this personal liability at the heart of the rule and quotes Prof. Dicey in the following terms; “When we speak of the rule of law as a characteristic of our country, [we mean] not only that no man is above the law. But(what is a dierent thing) that here every man, whatever be his rank or condition, is subject to the ordinary law of the realm and amenable to the jurisdiction of the ordinary tribunals. In England the idea of legal equality, or the universal subjection of all classes to one law administered by the ordinary courts, has been pushed to its utmost limit. With us every ocial, from Prime https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 9

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Minister down to a constable or a collector of taxes, is under the same responsibility for every act done without legal justication as any other citizen. The reports abound with cases in which ocials have been brought before the courts, and made, in their personal capacity, liable to punishment, or to the payment of damages, for acts done in their ocial character but in excess of their lawful authority. A colonial governor, a secretary of state, a military ocer, and all subordinates, though carrying out the commands of their ocial superiors, are as responsible for any act which the law does not authorize as is any private and unocial person. (See Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (10th edn, 1965) pp193-194.)” 41. The Plaintis also relied on Sections 7, 9, 80, and 81 of the Land Registration Act, 2012 on the duty of the land registrars to maintain the land registers and furnish the public with the information therein. The Plaintis submitted that the land registrars could not have been performing their statutory duties when they furnished the Plaintis with fake records. The Plaintis submitted that the 2nd and 3rd Defendants bore the greatest responsibility for the Plaintis’ loss and should be condemned to compensate the Plaintis. The Plaintis submitted that in any event they were entitled to indemnity from the government under Section 81 of the Land Registration Act, 2012. The Plaintis submitted that due to his conduct, the 7th Defendant was not entitled to an order for the rectication of the register. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants’ submissions 42. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants led submissions dated 1st July 2024. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants framed two issues for determination namely; whether the 2nd and 3rd Defendants breached trust and statutory duty owed to the Plaintis, and who should bear the costs of this suit. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that they performed their duties as servants of the Government as dened under Section 2 of the Government Proceedings Act. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that they were absolved and protected from prosecution for any tortious act committed in the performance of their duties as land registrars. In support of this submission, the 2nd and 3rd Defendants relied on Section 4 (3) of the Government Proceedings Act and Section 14 of the Land Registration Act. 43. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that the Plaintis did not provide any evidence showing that they willfully and knowingly lied to them. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that there was no proof that they acted in a manner that was aimed at defrauding the Plaintis. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that they had proved that in signing the contested documents, they relied on the register that they were provided with. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that they had demonstrated that although they were land registrars, George Gachihi was the ocer in charge of the Kisumu lands oce at the time. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that he was the person with access to the safe custody register and would have been the only one aware of any issues concerning the register of the suit property. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that they were brought a register which did not indicate any fraudulent activity. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that the issue of fraud only arose when they received a complaint from the 7th Defendant. 44. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that no evidence was adduced showing that they had beneted from the transaction between the 1st Defendant and the Plaintis over the suit property. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that there was no proof that they acted contrary to their statutory duties and breached the trust owed to the Plaintis. In support of this submission, the 2nd and 3rd Defendants cited John Hayo Owuor v. Attorney General & 2 Others [1991] eKLR and Bishop v. Attorney General of Uganda & Another, EALR 1967. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 10

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liability for the Plaintis’ loss should be borne by the government. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants cited Section 12 of the Government Proceedings Act and submitted that the claim brought against them should have been brought against the Attorney General. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that they were wrongly joined in the suit. On the issue of costs, the 2nd and 3rd Defendants submitted that the costs should follow the event. The 2nd and 3rd Defendants urged the court to grant them the costs of the suit. The 4th, 5th and 6th Defendant’s submissions 45. The 4th,5th and 6th Defendants led submissions dated 5th April 2024. The 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants (hereinafter referred to only as “the A.G”) framed several issues for determination. The rst issue framed by the A.G was, whether the Plaintis were the lawful registered owners of the suit property as purchasers for value without notice. The A.G submitted that there was already a nding by the court in Criminal Case No. 2 of 2014 that the 7th Defendant was the owner of the suit property. The A.G submitted that the evidence placed before the court showed that the root of the Plaintis’ title was questionable. The A.G submitted that the evidence showed that the 1st Defendant had no title in the suit property that it could pass to the Plainti. The A.G submitted that the 7th Defendant’s title was grounded on the adjudication records. The second issue was whether the 4th and 5th Defendants had statutory powers to cancel the Plaintis’ title. On this issue, the A.G submitted that it was common ground that the register that bore the 1st Defendant’s name as the registered owner of the suit property was a forgery the same as the title deed that was held by the 1st Defendant. The A.G submitted that the court in Criminal Case No. 2 of 2014 found that the fake register was planted in the binder of registers by corrupt land registry clerks. The A.G submitted that the fake register was accordingly expunged from the land registry records. The A.G submitted that when the fraud was discovered, the Plainti was duly notied of the same and requested to surrender his title deed for cancellation. The A.G submitted that the Plaintis’ title was lawfully cancelled under Section 79(2) of the Land Registration Act, 2012. The A.G submitted that the title that was obtained through fraud or corrupt scheme was liable to cancellation by the land registrar after a notice was served upon the Plaintis and the fake register was expunged from the land registry records. 46. The third issue was whether the Plaintis were entitled to indemnity, general damages for breach of contract, trust, and statutory duty. The A.G submitted that the Plaintis purchased the suit property from the 1st Defendant who was a fraudster. The A.G submitted that the 1st Defendant working together with corrupt land registry clerks planted a fake register in the land registry records. The A.G submitted that the Plaintis were not entitled to an indemnity from the government for their loss. The A.G submitted that the Plaintis could only look to the 1st Defendant for the recovery of the purchase price that they paid to him. The A.G submitted that the Plaintis were informed by the 1st Defendant that he had acquired the suit property from his deceased father. The A.G submitted that the Plaintis never bothered to inquire whether there was succession in respect of the estate of the 1st Defendant’s purported father. The A.G submitted that the Plaintis could not get protection as innocent purchasers of the suit property. The A.G submitted that the Plaintis did not undertake adequate due diligence. The A.G submitted that several land registry sta were charged and found guilty in relation to the transaction in which the Plaintis acquired the suit property. The A.G submitted that only the 2nd Defendant was found to have acted in good faith and became a state witness. The A.G submitted that the government cannot be held liable for criminal acts of its ocials. The A.G submitted that the said ocials should be held personally liable for the Plaintis’ loss. The A.G urged the court to dismiss the case against the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Defendants and to enter judgment against the 1st Defendant. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 11

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The 7th Defendant’s submissions 47. The 7th Defendant led submissions dated 16th October 2024. The 7th Defendant framed three issues for determination namely; who was the registered proprietor of the suit property? whether the Plaintis were entitled to the declaration that they were the owners of the suit property, and who was liable for the costs of the suit? The 7th Defendant submitted that one cannot give what he does not have. The 7th Defendant submitted that the criminal court in Criminal Case No. 2 of 2014 made a nding that the title for the suit property that was held by the 1st Defendant was fake and that the 1st Defendant obtained Kshs. 10,500,000/- from the Plaintis by false pretenses. The 7th Defendant submitted that the 1st Defendant could not transfer to the Plaintis the suit property as he did not legally own it. The 7th Defendant submitted that he had established that he was the owner of the suit property. 48. On whether the Plaintis were entitled to a declaration that they were the lawful owners of the suit property, the 7th Defendant submitted that the Plaintis obtained a fake title from the 1st Defendant that could not make them legal owners of the suit property. The 7th Defendant submitted that the Plaintis could not benet from the doctrine of innocent purchaser for value without notice since the doctrine is only available to a person who has acquired a valid and legal title. In support of this submission, the 7th Defendant cited Dina Management Limited v. County Government of Mombasa & 5 others (Petition 8 (E010) of 2021) [2023] KESC 30 (KLR) (21 April 2023). The 7th Defendant submitted that the Plaintis were not entitled to an order that they were bona de purchasers of the suit property for value without notice. On the issue of costs, the 7th Defendant submitted that costs follow the event. The 7th Defendant submitted that the Plaintis were aware of the criminal case in which the 1st Defendant was convicted. The 7th Defendant submitted that he was entitled to the costs of the suit which should be on a higher scale. The 7th Defendant prayed that the Plaintis’ suit be dismissed and a declaration be made that the suit property belonged to the 7th Defendant. Analysis and Determination 49. I have considered the pleadings, the evidence tendered and the submissions led by the parties. I am of the view that the issues arising for determination in this suit are the following; a. Whether the Plaintis are the lawful owners of the suit property. b. Whether the 4th and 5th Defendants had power to cancel the Plaintis’ title to the suit property. c. Whether the Plaintis are entitled to the reliefs sought in the amended plaint. d. Who is liable for the costs of the suit? Whether the Plaintis are the lawful owners of the suit property 50. Sections 24, 25, 26 and 80 of the Land Registration Act, 2012 provide as follows: 24. Subject to this Act— (a) the registration of a person as the proprietor of land shall vest in that person the absolute ownership of that land together with all rights and privileges belonging or appurtenant thereto; and (b) the registration of a person as the proprietor of a lease shall vest in that person the leasehold interest described in the lease, together with all implied and expressed rights https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 12

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and privileges belonging or appurtenant thereto and subject to all implied or expressed agreements, liabilities or incidents of the lease. 25. (1) The rights of a proprietor, whether acquired on rst registration or subsequently for valuable consideration or by an order of court, shall not be liable to be defeated except as provided in this Act, and shall be held by the proprietor, together with all privileges and appurtenances belonging thereto, free from all other interests and claims whatsoever, but subject— (a) to the leases, charges and other encumbrances and to the conditions and restrictions, if any, shown in the register; and (b) to such liabilities, rights and interests as aect the same and are declared by section 28 not to require noting on the register, unless the contrary is expressed in the register. (2) Nothing in this section shall be taken to relieve a proprietor from any duty or obligation to which the person is subject to as a trustee. (1) The certicate of title issued by the Registrar upon registration, or to a purchaser of land upon a transfer or transmission by the proprietor shall be taken by all courts as prima facie evidence that the person named as proprietor of the land is the absolute and indefeasible owner, subject to the encumbrances, easements, restrictions and conditions contained or endorsed in the certicate, and the title of that proprietor shall not be subject to challenge, except— 26. (a) on the ground of fraud or misrepresentation to which the person is proved to be a party; or (b) where the certicate of title has been acquired illegally, unprocedurally or through a corrupt scheme. 80. 51. (1) Subject to subsection (2), the court may order the rectication of the register by directing that any registration be cancelled or amended if it is satised that any registration was obtained, made or omitted by fraud or mistake. (2) The register shall not be rectied to aect the title of a proprietor who is in possession and had acquired the land, lease or charge for valuable consideration, unless the proprietor had knowledge of the omission, fraud or mistake in consequence of which the rectication is sought, or caused such omission, fraud or mistake or substantially contributed to it by any act, neglect or default. It is common ground that the Plaintis derive their claim to the suit property from the 1st Defendant. It has been established by evidence and it was not disputed at the trial that the title that was held by the 1st Defendant in respect of the suit property was fraudulent and as such null and void. The 1st Defendant was charged in Kisumu Chief Magistrate’s Court Anti-Corruption Case No. 2 of 2014 with the oence of obtaining registration of the suit property in his name by false pretense and obtaining Kshs. 10,500,000/- from the Plaintis by false presence that he was in a position to sell to them the https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 13

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suit property which he knew he did not own. The 1st Defendant was convicted of the oences and sentenced to pay a ne of Kshs. 100,000/- in default of which he was to serve 6 months imprisonment. He was also ordered to refund the said sum of Kshs. 10,500,000/- in default of which he was to serve a further 5 years imprisonment. On appeal, the High Court set aside the sentence of 5 years that was imposed upon the 1st Defendant but not his conviction for obtaining registration and money by false pretense. The High Court did not also set aside the ne of Kshs. 100,000/-. It was therefore established in the Criminal Case No. 2 of 2014 that the registration of the 1st Defendant as the owner of the suit property was fraudulent. The 1st Defendant did not defend this suit. The allegations made against him in these proceedings that he held a fraudulent title to the suit property was therefore not rebutted. The evidence that was produced before this court established beyond doubt that the register of the suit property which was the root of the 1st Defendant’s purported title was fake. It was also established that the genuine register bore the name of the 7th Defendant as the rst registered owner of the suit property. The said register also showed that the 7th Defendant had never transferred the suit property to anyone. 52. The Plaintis contended that they were innocent purchasers of the suit property for value without notice of any defect in the title that was held by the 1st Defendant. In Mwangi James Njehia v. Janetta Wanjiku Mwangi & another [2021] eKLR, the court stated as follows: “ 37. In Lawrence P. Mukiri Mungai, Attorney of Francis Muroki Mwaura v. Attorney General & 4 Others, Nairobi Civil Appeal No. 146 of 2014 this Court cited with approval the case of Katende v. Haridar & Company Ltd (2008) 2 EA 173, where the Court of Appeal in Uganda held that: “For the purposes of this appeal, it suces to describe a bona de purchaser as a person who honestly intends to purchase the property oered for sale and does not intend to acquire it wrongly. For a purchaser to successfully rely on the bona de doctrine as was held in the case of Hannington Njuki v William Nyanzi High Court civil suit number 434 of 1996, he must prove that: 1. he holds a certicate of title; 2. he purchased the property in good faith; 3. he had no knowledge of the fraud; 4. he purchased for valuable consideration; 5. the vendors had apparent valid title; 6. he purchased without notice of any fraud; and 7. he was not party to the fraud.” We nonetheless wish to state that the law, including case law is not static and the above requirements which were crafted over twenty years ago cannot be said to have been cast in stone. We hold the view that (5) above will need to be revisited and the word “apparent” be done away with altogether. 38. We say so because in the recent past and even presently, fraudsters have upped their game and we have come across several cases where Title deeds manufactured in the backstreets have, with collusion of ocers in land registries, been transplanted at the Lands Oce and intending buyers have https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 14

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been duped to believe that such documents are genuine and on that basis they have “purchased’ properties which later turn out to belong to other people when the correct documents mysteriously reappear on the register or the genuine owner show up after seeing strangers on their properties waving other instruments of title. It is the prevalence of these incidents that have necessitated the current overhaul and computerization of the registration systems at the Land Registry in Nairobi. 39. 53. The elephant in the room is whether genuine, legitimate owners of property should be dispossessed of their hard earned property, because a party has “purchased” the property on the basis of an “apparent title” at the land registry which had been transplanted in place of the genuine title, only for the genuine one to reemerge after the transaction? In our view, no legitimate owner of property should be divested of their property unlawfully, under the guise that the “purchaser” was duped to buy land which he/she could have believed to be genuinely owned by the person holding himself out as the vendor.” The scenario that the Court of Appeal described in the foregoing case is exactly what happened in the case before me. The 7th Defendant who is the legitimate owner of the suit property cannot be divested of the property on account of an illegal title that the Plaintis obtained from a fraudster however innocent the Plaintis were while undertaking the transaction and irrespective of whether they had notice of the fraud or not. In Alberta Mae Gacie v. Attorney General & 4 Others [2006] eKLR the court stated as follows: “ Cursed should be the day when any crook in the streets of Nairobi or any town in this jurisdiction, using forgery, deceit or any kind of fraud, would acquire a legal and valid title deceitfully snatched from a legal registered innocent proprietor. Indeed, cursed would be the day when such a crook would have the legal capability or competence to pass to a third party, innocent or otherwise, a land interest that he does not have even if it were for valuable consideration. For my part, I would want to think that such a time when this court would be called upon to defend such crooks, has not come and shall never come…” 54. The title that was held by the 1st Defendant was fraudulent, illegal, null and void. The 1st Defendant had no legal interest in the suit property that he could pass to the Plaintis. The tile that the Plaintis obtained from the 1st Defendant was a nullity. In Wambui v. Mwangi & 3 others, (Civil Appeal 465 of 2019) [2021] KECA 144 (KLR) the Court of Appeal stated as follows: “ 70. Sixth, the title was also tainted with nullity in that the court process on the basis of which the title to the suit property was anchored was subsequently declared null and void ab initio. The position in law as we have already highlighted above is that anything founded on nullity is also null and void and of no consequence. The title allegedly vested in the 3rd respondent and subsequently passed on to the appellant having stemmed from court proceedings that were subsequently declared null and void also stood vitiated by the same nullity and of no consequence. The Judge cannot therefore be faulted for stating the correct position in law in the manner done. 71. Seventh, section 80 of the Act is explicit that any title founded on irregularity, unprocedurally or a corrupt scheme stands vitiated. The title purportedly acquired by the 3rd respondent and subsequently passed on to the appellant https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 15

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having been demonstrably shown to have been tainted with fraud, deceit and nullity ts the description of title that has been acquired not only irregularly and unprocedurally but also through a corrupt scheme. The corrupt scheme herein arises from the facts informing the vitiated High Court proceedings which we nd no need to rehash but adopt as already highlighted above. 72. 55. In light of all the above, we reiterate that the Judge’s reasoning as to why appellant’s title to the suit property was vitiated was well founded both in fact and in law and is therefore unassailable.” It is my nding from the foregoing that the Plaintis are not the lawful owners of the suit property. The lawful and legitimate registered owner of the suit property is the 7th Defendant. Whether the 4th and 5th Defendants had power to cancel the Plaintis’ title to the suit property. 56. In Adan Abdirahani Hassan & 2 others v. Registrar of Tiles & 2 others [2013] eKLR, the court stated as follows: “ 25. 57. Any alienation of land reserved for public purpose and issuance of a title for the same, whether under the Registration of Titles Act, cap 281 or the Registered Land Act, cap 300 is null and void ab initio. Such a title does not exist in the rst place because the land belonged to the Public and was not available for alienation. The cancellation of such a “title,” which is not a title as known in law because it should not have been issued in the rst place, would be an administrative exercise by the Commissioner of Lands or the Registrar of Titles to rectify the mistake or misrepresentation that was made by the same oce.” As I have mentioned earlier, the title deed that was held by the Plaintis was a product of a fake register that was planted in the land registry by fraudsters. A title deed which is an end product of a fake register is not a title if I may adopt the words used by the court in Adan Abdirahani Hassan & 2 others v. Registrar of Tiles & 2 others (supra). The genuine register for the suit property was available in the land registry and the genuine title deed had been issued and was being held by the 7th Defendant. There was actually no entry in the genuine register or a genuine title deed to cancel. As correctly submitted by the 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants, what they were supposed to do and which they did was to expunge from the land registry records the fraudulent and fake land register for the suit property. After expunging of the said fake register, the title held by the Plaintis which was based on the same became otiose and no further action was required on the part of the 4th and 5th Defendants. The notice that was given by the 4th Defendant to the Plaintis on 30th September 2013 was in my view sucient for the action that they took. I am of the view that Sections 79 and 80 of the Land Registration Act, 2012 applies only when dealing with entries in a genuine land register. An entry in a fake land register is not capable of being rectied or cancelled either by the land registrar or by the court. The issue of whether or not the 4th and 5th Defendants had power to cancel the Plaintis’ illegal and void title deed does not therefore arise. Section 9 of the Land Registration Act gives the 4th and 5th Defendants general power to keep and maintain records. The 4th and 5th Defendants have no power to keep and maintain fake documents or records in the land registry. It is therefore my nding that the 4th and 5th Defendants acted lawfully within the powers conferred upon them under Section 9 of the Land Registration Act when they expunged the fake register for the suit property from the land registry records. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 16

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Whether the Plaintis are entitled to the reliefs sought in the amended plaint. 58. From the ndings that I have made above, I am not satised that the Plaintis have made out a case for the grant of prayers (a) and (b) of the amended plaint. As concerns, the alternative prayer for a refund or compensation for the purchase price for Kshs. 10,500,000/- that was paid to the 1st Defendant, I am of the view that the 1st Defendant who was found liable for obtaining the said sum of Kshs. 10,500,000/from the Plaintis and the 3rd Defendant who was found in Criminal Case No. 2 of 2014 to have been involved in the fraudulent planting of the fake land register for the suit property in the binder of land registers are liable to the Plaintis for the said sum of Kshs. 10,500,000/-. I agree with the Attorney General that this is not a suitable case for indemnity by the government under Section 81 of the Land Registration Act, 2012. Indemnity is only payable under Section 81 of the Land Registration Act in respect of damage suered as a result of; “rectication of the register, or an error in a copy of or extract from the register or in a copy or extract from any document or plan certied under the Act.” The case before me has nothing to do with the rectication of the register of the suit property or any error in a copy of or an extract of the register for the suit property. This is a case of a fake register planted in the land registry records by fraudsters from outside and inside the land registry. The fraudsters were arrested, charged and convicted. I can see no reason why the government should pay for their crime. The Plaintis had also claimed general and exemplary damages. No basis was laid at the trial and in the submissions for these claims. I will not make any award for damages. Who is liable for the costs of the suit? 59. Under Section 27 of the Civil Procedure Act, the costs of and incidental to a suit is at the discretion of the court and as a general rule, costs follow the event. The Plaintis have succeeded in their alternative claim against the 1st and 3rd Defendants. The Plaintis shall have the costs of the suit to be paid by the 1st and 3rd Defendants. The 1st and 3rd Defendants shall also pay the costs for the 7th Defendant. The 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants shall bear their own costs. Conclusion 60. In conclusion, I hereby make the following orders in the matter; 1. The Plaintis’ claim against the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Defendants is dismissed. 2. The 1st and 3rd Defendants shall pay the costs of the suit to the 7th Defendant. 3. The 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th Defendants shall bear their own costs of the suit. 4. Judgment is entered for the Plaintis against the 1st and 3rd Defendants jointly and severally in the sum of Kshs. 10,500,000/- together with interest at court rates from the date hereof until payment in full. 5. The 1st and 3rd Defendants shall pay the Plaintis’ costs of the suit. DELIVERED AND DATED AT KISUMU ON THIS 3RD DAY OF DECEMBER 2024 S. OKONG’O JUDGE Judgment delivered virtually through Microsoft Teams Video Conferencing Platform in the presence of: Mr. Olunya for the 7th Defendant Ms. Raburu h/b for Mr. Omondi for the 2nd and 3rd Defendants https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 17

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Ms. J. Omondi-Court Assistant https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/13627/eng@2024-12-03 18

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