Kassam & 12 others v JW Archplans Limited & 16 others (Environment & Land Petition E007 of 2024) [2024] KEELC 5809 (KLR)

PATRICK ANALO AKIVANGA .................................................. 6TH RESPONDENT STEPHEN GATHUITA MWANGI .............................................. 7TH RESPONDENT NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY .... 8TH RESPONDENT CATHERINE THAITHI ............................................................... 9TH RESPONDENT SHANTILAL RAYCHAND SHAH ........................................... 10TH RESPONDENT NATIONAL CONSTRUCTION AUTHORITY ...................... 11TH RESPONDENT WATER RESOURCES AUTHORITY ....................................... 12TH RESPONDENT GREENDIME CONSULTANTS LIMITED .............................. 13TH RESPONDENT BENJAMIN N OMBATI ............................................................. 14TH RESPONDENT ROBINSON MAINA KIMARI .................................................. 15TH RESPONDENT JUSTUS MWAURA ..................................................................... 16TH RESPONDENT ZAMIL REALTORS LIMITED .................................................. 17TH RESPONDENT RULING 1. Before the Court for determination is the 4th Respondent’s Preliminary Objection dated 22nd April 2024. The Preliminary Objection is based on the following grounds: a. That the Court lacks original jurisdiction to entertain the Petitioner’s application and Petition both dated 28th March 2024 by dint of Section 61(3) and 61(4) of the Physical and Land Use Planning Act, 2019 which stipulates that any person aggrieved by the decision of the County Executive Committee Member regarding an application for development permission to first file an appeal against the decision to the County Physical and Land Use Planning Liaison Committee. b. That the Court lacks original jurisdiction to entertain the Petitioner’s application and petition both dated 28th March 2024 by dint of Section 129(1) and 130(1) of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act 2012 (EMCA) which stipulates that any person aggrieved by the issuance of an approval or license to first file an appeal to the National Environmental Tribunal. c. That the Court lacks original jurisdiction to entertain the Petitioner’s application and Petition both dated 28th March 2024 by dint of Section 121 and 124 of the Water Act which grants original jurisdiction to the Water Tribunal. d. That in the circumstance the Petitioner’s application and Petition is premature as the Petitioners have failed to exhaust the alternative means of dispute resolution provided under the laws of Kenya as stipulated above. e. That the Petition and the application filed herewith is fatally defective as it ofiends Order 1 Rule 13(1) and 13(2) and Order 4 Rule 1(2) and (3) of the Civil Procedure Rules which requires that where there are more Plaintifis than one, any one or more of them may be authorized by https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/5809/eng@2024-07-31 2

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any other of them to appear, plead or act for such other in any proceedings and the authority shall be in writing signed by the party giving it and be filed at the time of filing the suit. 2. The preliminary objection was supported by an afidavit sworn by the 4th Respondent’s director, Ali Hussein Sugule, who deponed that the Court’s jurisdiction in this matter is appellate and not original and that the Petitioners’ claim should therefore be heard and determined in other forums before the Petitioners can move to this Court. 3. The 4th Respondent deponed that without the other Petitioners giving their authority to swear to the 1st Petitioner, the Petition and the application before the Court is fatally defective. 4. The Petitioners filed a Supplementary Afidavit sworn by the 1st Petitioner and dated 16th May 2024, who deponed that the issues raised in the Petition and application go beyond the jurisdiction of the County Physical and Land Use Planning Committee, the National Environmental Tribunal and the Water Tribunal. 5. He deponed that the Petition raises issues relating to the violation of rights and fundamental freedoms under Articles 26, 28, 35, 42, 43(1)(b), 47(1), 50, 69(1), 70, 73, 75(1), 165 and 232 of the Constitution. Consequently, he stated that the Court has jurisdiction to hear and determine the petition and application. Submissions 6. The 4th Respondent filed submissions on 29th April 2024. It was submitted that the gravamen of the Petitioners’ case is that the 4th Respondent is undertaking the development of apartments without the requisite approvals, consents and permits. 7. It was further submitted that if the Petitioners wished to challenge the permit given to the 4th Respondent, they ought to have appealed to the County Physical and Land Use Planning Liaison Committee and the National Environmental Tribunal and The Water Tribunal. 8. Sections 61 (3) and (4) of the Physical and Land Use Planning Act, Sections 129 and 130 of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, Sections 121 and 124 of the Water Act and the cases of Republic v National Environment Management Authority Ex parte Sound Equipment Ltd [2011] eKLR, Issa Ahmed & 15 others v Mohamed Al-Sawae [2021] eKLR, Kenneth Ngure Mwaura & another v Rubis Energy Kenya & 2 others [2021] eKLR, Symon Wangombe Gathua & 6 other v Attorney General & 6 others [2020] eKLR and Kibos Distillers Limited & 4 others v Benson Ambuti Adega & 3 others were relied upon. 9. The 4th Respondent submitted that the Petition and application were defective for failing to seek the administrative remedies provided for in law before turning to judicial intervention. It was submitted that the suit violated the doctrine of exhaustion. The cases of Speaker of the National Assembly v Karume (Civil Application 92 of 1992) [1992] KECA 42 (KLR) and Geoffrey Muthinja & another v Samuel Muguna Henry & 1756 others [2015] eKLR were relied upon. 10. The 4th Respondent submitted that the suit filed by the Petitioners was fatally defective as the afidavits sworn by the 1st Petitioner did not conform to the requirements of Order 1 Rule 13 and Order 4 Rule 1(2) and (3) of the Civil Procedure Rules. 11. It was submitted that there ought to have been either thirteen afidavits on record (one for each Petitioner) or an authority/consent given by the other twelve Petitioners to the 1st Petitioner. It was submitted that the absence of the two rendered the suit as filed fatally defective and incompetent. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/5809/eng@2024-07-31 3

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12. The cases of Andrew Ireri Njeru – Embu Nyangi Ndiiri Proposed Society Chairman & others v Daniel Ng'ang'a Kangi & another [2015] eKLR and Research International East Africa Ltd v Julius Arisi & 213 others [2007] eKLR were relied upon. 13. The Petitioners filed submissions on 19th June 2024. It was submitted that the Petitioners’ claim is that all the Respondents have contributed to the ongoing developments on the suit properties, and that the said developments have had negative efiects on the environment leading to the violation of the rights and fundamental freedoms of the Petitioners and the general public. 14. The rights specifically stated to have been violated are Articles 26, 28, 35, 42, 43(1), 47(1), 50, 69(1), 70, 73 and 75(1) of the Constitution. It was submitted that while the legitimacy of approvals was also in issue, the heart of the Petitioners’ case was the violation of fundamental rights and freedoms. 15. It was further submitted that as per Articles 162 and 165(3) of the Constitution, the High Court and by extension, the Environment and Land Court are clothed with jurisdiction to determine whether a right or fundamental freedom has been violated or threatened. 16. It was specifically stated that matters relating to the right to a clean and healthy environment can only be heard by the ELC Court. Section 13 of the Environment and Land Court Act and the case of Nicholus v Attorney General & 7 others; National Environmental Complaints Committee & 5 others (Interested Parties) (Petition E007 of 2023) [2023] KESC 113 (KLR) were relied upon. 17. On the question of whether the Petition and the application are fatally defective for lack of consent as alleged by the 4th Respondent, the Petitioners submitted that as per the Supplementary Afidavit sworn on 15th May 2024, the Petitioners had given their consent. 18. Additionally, it was submitted that under Article 22(1) of the Constitution, a person can institute court proceedings alleging violation of a right or fundamental freedom while acting in their own interest, that of a group or the public interest. It was submitted that the instant Petition was instituted by the Petitioners on their own behalf and on behalf of the public. 19. The case of The Centre for Human Rights and Democracy and 2 others v The Judges and Magistrates Vetting Board and 2 others [2012] eKLR was relied upon. 20. The 9th, 10th and 11th Respondents filed submissions on 24th June 2024. It was submitted that the Petitioners were aware of the impugned construction on the suit properties since January 2021. 21. In the view of the 9th - 11th Respondents, it was submitted that the Petitioners failed/neglected to file appeals before the County Physical and Land Use Planning Liaison Committee which had the authority to hear complaints about the ongoing construction. 22. It was submitted that the 1st Petitioner did not file a written consent showing that the other Petitioners consented to him swearing afidavits on their behalf. 23. The 14th Respondent filed submissions on 15th July 2024. It was submitted by the 14th Respondent that the dispute before the Court was centred around the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, The Physical and Land Use Planning Act and the Water Act. Analysis and Determination 24. It is trite that a preliminary objection consists of a point of law which has been pleaded, or which arises by clear implication out of pleadings and which if argued as a preliminary point may dispose of the suit. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/5809/eng@2024-07-31 4

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25. The points of law raised by the 4th Respondent and supported by the 9th, 10th, 11th and 14th Respondents are that: the Court lacks original jurisdiction to hear the Petition because it raises matters relating to approvals that should be dealt with by the tribunals mentioned in the foregoing paragraphs. 26. It is the Respondents’ case that the Petition as filed is in violation of the doctrine of exhaustion of remedies; and, that the suit as filed is fatally defective bacause the 1st Petitioner swore afidavits on behalf of the other Petitioners without their consent. 27. In opposition, the 1st Petitioner deponed that while the suit raised issues related to approvals, at the heart of the suit is the violation of rights and fundamental freedoms, which this Court has original jurisdiction. On the issue of consent, it was stated that as per the afidavit sworn on 15th May 2024, consent was given. In any case, the 1st Petitioner deponed that a person can file a case on his own behalf or in the interest of the public. 28. On the issue of jurisdiction, the Court of Appeal stated as follows in the case of Owners of the Motor Vessel “Lillian S” v Caltex Oil (Kenya) Ltd [1989] KLR 1: “ I think that it is reasonably plain that a question of jurisdiction ought to be raised at the earliest opportunity and the court seized of the matter is then obliged to decide the issue right away on the material before it. Jurisdiction is everything. Without it, a court has no power to make one more step. Where a court has no jurisdiction, there would be no basis for a continuation of proceedings pending other evidence. A court of law downs tools in respect of the matter before it the moment it holds the opinion that it is without jurisdiction.” 29. This Court therefore ought to down its tools if it finds that it has no jurisdiction in the matter. Having perused the Petition, I am of the considered view that it raises both Constitutional and nonconstitutional issues. 30. In paragraphs 50 - 67 of the Petition, the Petitioners have questioned the validity of the approvals, licences and permits issued by the Respondents. This would bring the claims under the jurisdiction of the tribunals aforementioned by the Respondents. 31. At paragraphs 75 -81 of the Petition, the Petitioners list the Constitutional provisions on which the Petition is based. The Petitioners have averred that their rights, including the right to a clean and healthy environment have been violated by the developments and the failure by the relevant authorities to take action. 32. The harm occasioned by the development has been stated to include: blocking of light and natural air; water seepage into the Petitioners’ homes; damage to the sewer line releasing foul smell into the air; release of sewer efiuent into Mathare River and reduction of the size of the public access road. 33. From the foregoing, it is clear that the Petitioners claim is multifaceted in nature. The question now turns to whether this Court is the right forum to hear the claim. Article 70 of the Constitution which has been relied upon by the Petitioners states as follows: “ If a person alleges that a right to a clean and healthy environment recognised and protected under Article 42 has been, is being or is likely to be, denied, violated, infringed or threatened, the person may apply to a court for redress in addition to any other legal remedies that are available in respect to the same matter.” https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/5809/eng@2024-07-31 5

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34. The Supreme Court in the case of Nicholus v Attorney General & 7 others; National Environmental Complaints Committee & 5 others (Interested Parties) (Petition E007 of 2023) [2023] KESC 113 (KLR) stated as follows: “ Having considered the above complaints, we reiterate our earlier finding in this judgment that the mandate and jurisdiction to determine these questions lie with the ELC under Articles 22, 23(3) and 162(2)(b) of the Constitution as read with Section 4(1) of the Environment and Land Act. We say so because neither the NET, EPRA nor EPT have the jurisdiction to determine alleged violations of the Constitution. That right to access the court for redress of alleged constitutional violations, should not be impeded or stified in a manner that frustrates the enforcement of fundamental rights and freedoms. We say this persuaded by the elegant reasoning in William Odhiambo Ramogi & 3 others v Attorney General & 6 others; Muslims for Human Rights & 2 others (Interested Parties) [2020] eKLR where the High Court (Achode (as she then was), Nyamweya (as she then was), & Ogola, JJ) stated: “In the instant case, the Petitioners allege violation of their fundamental rights. Where a suit primarily seeks to enforce fundamental rights and freedoms and it is demonstrated that the claimed constitutional violations are not mere “bootstraps” or merely framed in Bill of Rights language as a pretext to gain entry to the Court, it is not barred by the doctrine of exhaustion. This is especially so because the enforcement of fundamental rights or freedoms is a question which can only be determined by the High Court.” 35. The court in the Nicholus case (supra) further held as follows: “ In concluding on this issue, it is our finding that it is upon a party to frame its pleadings as it deems fit but in doing so should not create such a disjointed case that a court has to struggle in the identification of each facet thereof. Elegant pleadings also ensure that the responding party has a clear case to answer to. A court on its part, must not descend to the arena of litigation but instead determine all contested matters judicially and in a multifaceted claim, address each issue within its jurisdiction including remitting parts of the claim to the relevant statutory body while retaining what is properly before it. In the present case and for reasons given above, the issues raised were well within the ELC’s jurisdiction to determine and there was no reason to either reserve or remit any of them and we so hold.” 36. The import of the foregoing is that the Petitioners were within their rights to file the instant suit even though, as has been demonstrated in the foregoing sections, some of their claims could have been adjudicated in other forums. 37. Additionally, and more importantly, the case law buttresses the fact that it is this Court, and not the tribunals, that has the jurisdiction to hear and determine matters relating to the violation of rights and fundamental freedoms such as what is contained in paragraphs 75-81 of the Petition. 38. The Respondents’ argument that the Petition ofiends the doctrine of exhaustion therefore fails. 39. The 4th Respondent also argued that the Petition was defective as the afidavits therein were sworn by the 1st Petitioner without the consent of the other Petitioners. In response, the 1st Petitioner argued that a Petition can be brought by a person on own behalf or by a person representing a group or in the public interest. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/5809/eng@2024-07-31 6

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40. 41. 42. Order 1 Rule 13 subrules 1 and 2 of the Civil Procedure Rules provides as follows: “ (1) Where there are more plaintifis than one, any one or more of them may be authorized by any other of them to appear, plead or act for such other in any proceeding, and in like manner, where there are more defendants than one, any one or more of them may be authorized by any other of them to appear, plead or act for such other in any proceeding. (2) The authority shall be in writing signed by the party giving it and shall be filed in the case.” Order 4 Rule 1 sub rules 2 and 3 provide as follows: 2. The plaint shall be accompanied by an afidavit sworn by the plaintifi verifying the correctness of the averments contained in rule 1(1)(f) above. 3. Where there are several plaintifis, one of them, with written authority filed with the verifying afidavit, may swear the verifying afidavit on behalf of the others.” However, this being a Petition, I believe the same is governed by the Mutunga Rules whose overriding objective as stated in Rule 3(2) is to facilitate access to justice to all persons. Additionally, the Rule 11 (1) provides: 1. The petition filed under these rules may be supported by an afidavit.” 43. The use of the word ‘may’ signals the fact that a supporting afidavit is not a critical document as far as the Petition goes. Consequently, its failure to conform to the required standard should not render the Petition fatally defective. 44. In furtherance of the overriding objective of facilitating access to justice and in consideration of the fact that no prejudice/hardship will be occasioned to the Respondents by the failure of the Petitioners to furnish the 1st Petitioner with a written authority to file the Petition, I find the objection to be baseless. 45. In any event, the written authority to file this suit by the Petitioners has been annexed in the Further Afidavit. 46. In view of the foregoing, I find that the 4th Respondent’s Preliminary Objection dated 22nd April, 2024 has no merit. The Preliminary Objection is hereby dismissed with costs. DATED, SIGNED AND DELIVERED VIRTUALLY IN NAIROBI THIS 31ST DAY OF JULY, 2024. O. A. ANGOTE JUDGE In the presence of; Mr. Ndambiri for Petitioner Mr. Daib for 4th Respondent Mr. Ogolla for Juma for 9th – 11th Respondent Court Assistant – Tracy https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2024/5809/eng@2024-07-31 7

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