Soni (Herself and on behalf of the Estate of Dhirajlal Ratilal Soni (Deceased)) v Dukes Investments International Limited & 2 others; Soni (Interested Party)

ii. Mandatory decree of injunction putting the defendants to specic performance of the contract by paying for the land as per the agreement of 28th September 2013 in default the contract for sale of land LR No. 209/525/4 dated 28th September 2013 between the plainti and the 1st defendant be considered rescinded. iii. A declaration that the contract for sale between the plainti and the 1st and 2nd Defendant dated 28th September 2013 is rescinded and the plainti’s documents of title be returned to the plainti. iv. General damages. v. Costs of the suit. vi. Interest on (iv) and(v) above. 2. The suit emanates from an agreement for the sale and purchase of LR No 209/525/4 which was executed on 28th September 2013 between the Plainti and the 1st Defendant. The court granted some interim reliefs pending the nal determination of the suit. 3. Upon ling of the subject suit, the 3rd defendant herein having been joined to these proceedings led statement of defence dated 9th April 2021 in which the it disputed the claim by the Plainti and the jurisdiction of the Court. In a ruling delivered on 17th January 2022 this Court determined that it did have jurisdiction to adjudicate the dispute in the suit and directing the suit to proceed for full hearing. 4. Subsequently, the said matter was xed for hearing and it proceeded on 17th November 2022 and 23rd January 2023 after which parties closed their case and led their respective submissions. During trial, the 1st and 2nd Defendant never participated. It later emerged that the 2nd Defendant who was a Director of the 1st Defendant had passed away after the commencement of the suit. Plainti ’s Case 5. Mr. Ketan Kumar Dhirajlal Soni testied as PW1. He stated that he was aware of the case in which Manjula Dhirajlal Soni, his mother was the Plainti. He conrmed that she was currently in the United Kingdom (UK) attending to treatment. He relied on his witness statement dated 28th October 2022 and bundle of documents dated 24th March 2014 which were adopted by the Court as PEx 1-PEx 5. The list of documents dated 31st October 2022 were produced and adopted as PEx6-PEx8. 6. In cross-examination, he conrmed that his mother had authorized him to represent her in the case. The letter of authority was led on 14th November 2022 after being sent from London. He further conrmed that his father’s will mentions him and his mother as beneciaries. 7. He conrmed being present when the sale agreement was negotiated and signed by his mother and the 2nd Defendant at the Plainti’s residence on 28th September 2013. He stated that they did not receive any money for the transaction. 8. He further stated that they involved a lawyer to write a letter to the Chief Land register in April 2014. The 2nd Defendant made a visit to the Plainti where he promised to pay purchase price in respect to the said transaction. He also stated that the Plainti signed further documents after which they surrendered all documents to the 2nd Defendant. He reiterated that they did not have knowledge that what they signed were transfer documents. 9. When re-examined, he stated that the 2nd Defendant approached them with another agent and the sale agreement was witnessed by their Advocate. It was also reiterated that the 10% deposit was never paid https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2023/18881/eng@2023-07-06 2

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and has not been received to date. He conrmed that only Kshs 1,000,000/- had been received and they sought to have the transaction stopped. He also stated that the Plainti’s case was against the 1st and 2nd Defendants and not the bank. The 1st and 2nd Defendants case 10. During trial it emerged that the 2nd Defendant had passed away after the commencement of this suit leaving the suit to proceed as only against the 1st and 3rd Defendants. However, the 1st Defendant save for ling Notice of Appointment dated 17th May 2014 never led any pleadings, written submissions nor participated in the proceedings herein. The 3rd Defendant’s case 11. The 3rd Defendant led a statement of defence dated 9th April 2021, it was averred that no action by the Bank was done fraudulently in the matter of the title of the suit property and security perfection thereon and sought for dismissal of the suit against them with costs. During trial, two witness testied on behalf of the 3rd Defendant. 12. Dhirendra Rana testied as DW1. He adopted his witness statement dated 23rd January 2023 as his evidence in chief. He also stated that he was the Managing Director of the 3rd Defendant between 2013 to 2019 and is currently a non-executive Director of the Bank. He denied ever contacting Ketan Soni on 11th March 2014 or any other date neither does he know him. 13. It was also his testimony that he never informed Ketan Soni that the 1st and 2nd Defendant had been granted a loan facility of Ksh 98,000,000 by the Bank. He denied any fraudulent action by the Bank in respect to the transaction herein. 14. On cross examination, he denied ever calling Ketan Soni and further stated that the 3rd Defendant acted within the law in the said transaction. 15. On reexamination, he reiterated that he never contacted Ketan and neither is he known to him. he conrmed that at the time the facility was taken there was no other person in in the bank with the name “RANA” and he was present in Court to reply to the allegations that he had contacted the Plainti. 16. Mr. Felix Nganga Karanja testied as DW2. His witness statement dated 6th April 2021 and bundle of documents dated 10th November 2022 were produced and adopted by the Court as his evidence in chief. He testied to being an Advocate of the High Court of over 20 years in practice having been admitted to the bar on 3rd July 1996 and currently working with Esmail and Esmail Advocates as an associate. He conrmed visiting the Plainti’s residence on two occasions in the company of Mr. Gesora (2nd Defendant). 17. He also stated that he was instructed by the bank to prepare the transfer documents after which the money was disbursed to the 2nd Defendant. He testied that although he was not privy to the transaction and did not know the value of the property, the amount of Kshs 145,000,000/- was disbursed for two properties in Kajiado and Nairobi. He was not aware that the vendor did not receive any consideration or that the bank spoke to the vendor. 18. In his cross-examination and re-examination, he reiterated that the Plainti never complained to the bank that she has not received payment. Furthermore, during the visit to the Plainti’s residence she seemed comfortable and intelligent, never showing signs of doubt in what she was doing. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2023/18881/eng@2023-07-06 3

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The Plainti ’s written submissions 19. The Plainti led written submissions dated 8th March 2023 through Ombachi, Moriasi & Company Advocates. The Plainti submitted that the purchase price for the suit property was Kshs 350,000,000 which was to be paid by installments of Kshs 35,000,000 being 10% payable within 90 days as follows: Kshs 1,000,000 upon execution, 11,000,000 by 30th October 2012, 11,000,000 by 30th November 2013 and 12,000,000 by 31st December 2013. It was also submitted that the original title documents were handed over to the 2nd defendant on the understanding that he would acquire the 350,000,000 via a loan facility. 20. The Plainti outlined the following issues as for determination by this Court; i. Has the plainti made out a case for the grant of permanent and mandatory injunction directed to the 1st and 2nd Defendant for specic performance of the contract dated 28th September 2013? ii. Does the plainti deserve the decree for rescission of the contract dated 28th September 2013 and the return of the title documents to the Plainti? iii. Is there privity of contract between the plainti and the 3rd Defendant if in the negative does it have any claim against the plainti which will aect the release of the title documents upon rescission of the contract as between the plainti and the 1st defendant? iv. Does the plainti deserve the grant of general damages, how much and who pays the same? 21. It was submitted that the Plainti has demonstrated that she is the administratix and sole beneciary of the estate of Dhirajlal Soni the registered owner of the property LR No. 209/525/4. She had entered into a sale of land transaction with the 1st defendant vide an agreement dated 28th September 2013. The 1st defendant was to pay a total sum of Kshs 350,000,000/- payable by installments the rst 10% within 90 days and the balance by installment as clearly stated in the agreement PF EXBT1. The Plainti testied that she was only paid a sum of Kshs 1,000,000/- and the balance of the deposit was never paid as agreed despite the promises made. When the 3rd defendant’s advocates Mr. Karanja visited the Plainti’s house and caused her to sign the transfer and charge document the promise and legitimate expectation was that the defendant was going to pay at the lease the deposit of 10% but this was not done. The 1st and by extension the 2nd defendant have not led any defence or counterclaim to deny the fact that no consideration was paid on their part to the Plainti in terms of the contract. They are in breach of the contract from the very beginning. 22. The Plainti’s prayer is that the contract be honoured by paying the purchase price of Kshs 350,000,000/- since the time provided for the payment of the same had expired in 2013 now ten (10) years later there is no sign or oer from the 1st defendant to pay the purchase price as agreed. 23. It was also submitted that the Plainti had made out a case for the grant of specic performance, however the 1st defendant is non-committal as no reason has been given for the nonperformance of the contract. There is no evidence to exhibit its capacity to honour the contract hence the Plainti has succeeded in the grant of a permanent injunction restraining the defendants, registrar of lands from disposing of, transferring, charging, taking possession of land title LR No. 209/525/4 24. It was further submitted that Plainti has demonstrated above that the 2nd defendant has not proered any evidence to the contrary nor the intention to pay the purchase price or in general honour the contract. Being in breach of contract the only option for the court is to order the 1st defendant to https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2023/18881/eng@2023-07-06 4

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comply with the contract by way of specic performance failure to which the Plainti’s title documents be released to her upon rescission of the contract. 25. The condition for the validity of the contract includes; i. Oer and acceptance. ii. Capacity iii. Consideration iv. Free consent or intention to create legal relations etc. In respect of which it was submited that the aforegoing elements were provided for in the contract. The only limitation was the payment of consideration which the 1st defendant was unable to full hence a recipe for the termination or rescission of the contract. The Plainti further submitted that it is now 10 years from the commencement date of September 2013 yet the deposits have not been paid as agreed and that the 1st defendant’s evidence to show its capacity to settle the purchase price leave alone the 10% deposit is missing. 26. The Plainti also argued that in the absence of prove of incapacity and reasons for the delay to honour the contract the only option for the court is to declare the rescission of the contract for the breach of the contract by the 1st defendant. It was submitted that the net eect of the rescission of the contract is the return or release of title documents to the Plainti from the registrar of lands and bring the process to a close. 27. It was argued that the Plainti had entered into a contract with 1st defendant Dukes Investments International Ltd at the instance of its director Joseph Misati Gesora the 2nd defendant herein. The sale agreement was very clear on the terms of the contract especially the consideration which the 1st defendant never honoured to date. The agreement was valid since it provided for consideration however in the absence of prove of payment of the consideration purchase price or 10% thereof the court should hold that there was no consideration and proceed to order the termination/rescission and other documents of the contract for breach thereof and make an order for release of titles to the Plainti. 28. The Plainti has sued the 1st and 2nd defendant claiming for permanent injunction and mandatory injunction for specic performance, failure to which the contract be rescinded. The honourable court granted an interim order of injunction holding the processing of transfer and charge in favour of the bank at the lands oce. The 3rd defendant then applied to the court to be enjoined as an interested party defendant which was granted by the court. Throughout the pleadings and the evidence of the parties in court it is very clear that the Plainti and 3rd defendant had no privity of contract hence no obligation as emphatically stated by the 3rd defendant’s witness Mr. Karanja. In the same vein the 3rd defendant has no right to hold unto the documents and demand for the compliance of the contract and registration of charge as against the Plainti whom the bank acknowledges had no privity of contract. Further in the absence of consideration the contract is invalid and the only option is the termination thereof as prayed for. 29. The 3rd defendant has explicitly denied the privity of contract between the bank and the plainti, this can be seen clearly throughout the defence dated 6th April 2021 and the evidence of Mr.Karanja DW2. The court should then wonder why it applied to be enjoined to the case and why it is holding tightly to the title documents belonging to the Plainti. This comes out clearly that it was a conspiracy between the 1st defendants and the 3rd defendant to defraud the Plainti of her title without any consideration to which the bank is culpable. The bank pleadings distancing itself from the transaction is a ploy to https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2023/18881/eng@2023-07-06 5

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hoodwink the court too late in the day when the damage is already done. The court should grant the Plaintis prayers as against the 1st, 2nd defendant and the 3rd defendant for rescission of the contract return of the title and completion documents and order the parties to pay damages to the Plainti. 30. The Plainti concluded the submissions by urging the court to grant him the prayers sought. The 3rd Defendant’s written submissions 31. The 3rd Defendant led written submission dated 20th March 2023 through Esmail and Esmail Advocates. It was submitted that on several occasions the Plainti made it clear that the complaint was against the 1st and 2nd Defendants and not the bank. Firstly, the letter to the Chief Land Registrar was only about the 1st and 2nd Defendants. Secondly, Paragraph 9 of the Amended Plaint only addresses the alleged fraudsters as the 1st and 2nd Defendants. Thirdly, PW1 had equally expressed that he had no issue with the bank. 32. It was also submitted that the performance of prayers sought would be impractical seeing that the 2nd Defendant had passed away and no personal representatives of his Estate had been enjoined as prescribed in Order 24 Rule 4(3) of the Civil Procedure Rules. Relying on the case of Athi Highway Developers v West End Butchery(2015) eKLR and Blacks Law Dictionary denition of fraud, it was contented that since PW1 could not recall events accurately, such evidence could not be relied upon to sustain allegations of fraud. Issues for determination 33. The Court having considered the pleadings of the parties, evidence tendered and submissions, this Court is of the view that the following issues are for determination; i. Whether the 1st and 2nd Defendants actions amounted to breach of the Sale Agreement dated 28th September 2013? ii. Whether the Defendants acted fraudulently in the transaction? iii. What reliefs can be granted by this court. iv. Who should bear costs of the suit? Analysis and Determination 34. I will now proceed to analyze all the issues sequentially. 35. It was not disputed that the Plainti and the 1st Defendant entered into a sale agreement dated 28th September 2013. The agreement was in respect to the sale of L.R No. 209/525/4 situtate at River Road in the City of Nairobi for a consideration of Ksh 350,000,000/- which was to be paid as follows; a. Ksh 35,000,000/- to be paid within 90 days b. Ksh 1,000,000/- upon execution of the agreement which the vendor acknowledged receipt. c. Ksh 11,000,000/- on or before 30th October 2013. d. Ksh 11,000,000/- on or before 30th November 2013. e. Ksh 12,000,000/- on or before the 31st December 2013. f. The balance of Ksh 315,000,000/- to be paid in equal monthly instalments of Ksh 4,375,000/until payment in full commencing the 30th day of January 2014. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2023/18881/eng@2023-07-06 6

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36. From the evidence that was tendered by the Plainti, the 2nd Defendant was given the original title of the land for the purposes of presenting them to the bank together with the agreement to solicit a loan to nance payment of the purchase price. The 1st and 2nd Defendants never paid any purchase price within the agreement timelines and it also emerged that the transfer had been done to the names of the 1st Defendant. 37. In order to determine whether or not there was breach of the contract, this Court must rst determine whether there was a valid contract in place. The Plainti has alleged that he entered into a sale agreement with the 1st Defendant for the purchase of the suit property. Further that the same was reduced into writing and signed by all the parties. Section 3(3) of the Contract Act provides that; “ 3(3)No suit shall be brought upon a contract for the disposition of an interest in land unless — (a) (b) the contract upon which the suit is founded— (i) is in writing; (ii) is signed by all the parties thereto; and the signature of each party signing has been attested by a witness who is present when the contract was signed by such party: Provided that this subsection shall not apply to a contract made in the course of a public auction by an auctioneer within the meaning of the Auctioneers Act (Cap. 526), nor shall anything in it aect the creation of a resulting, implied or constructive trust. 38. The Court has carefully perused the sale agreement produced as Exhibit by the Plainti and noted that the same is in writing and is signed by the parties. It thus met the requirements of Section 3(3) of the Contract Act. Further the agreement for sale contains the names of the parties, the description of the property, the purchase price and the conditions thereto. A look at the said sale agreement conrms that the same is a valid sale agreement which is enforceable by the parties. See the case of Nelson Kivuvani....Vs....Yuda Komora & Another, Nairobi HCCC No.956 of 1991, where the Court held that:“ the agreement for sale of land which contains the names of the parties, the number of the property, the purchase price and the conditions attached thereto, the obligations, express or implied, of each of the parties and signed and witnessed by two witnesses who signed against their names amount to a valid contract”. 39. The Sale agreement having met all the requirements between the Plainti and the 1st Defendant and therefore the sale agreement between the two is valid and it thus met the requirements of Section 3(3) of Contract Act. It then follows that the Court must further interrogate whether there was breach of the said Contract. Blacks Law Dictionary, 9th Edition, page 213 denes a breach of Contract as; “ a violation of a contractual obligation by failing to perform one’s own promised, by repudiating, or by interfering with another parties performance. A breach may be one by non-performance or by repudiation or both. Every breach gives rise to a claim for damages and may give rise to other remedies . Even if the injured party sustains no pecuniary loss or unable to show such loss with sucient certainty he has at least a claim for nominal damages”. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2023/18881/eng@2023-07-06 7

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40. As the Court had earlier held that the Plainti’s testimony remained uncontroverted and having held that the contract was valid, the Court will then interrogate whether there was breach of the Contract. 41. The obligation of the purchaser was to pay the purchase price within the stipulated timelines of the sale agreement. No money had been deposited to the Plainti’s account by the completion date, nor was any money deposited to the advocate who could hold the same as stakeholder, if only to protect the Plainti, pending completion of the transaction. The understanding of the parties was that the purchase price was being nanced by the bank. However, no such payment was ever made to the Plainti. 42. As to whether the defendant breached the agreement for sale, Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th Edition, Page 213, denes a breach of Contract as; “ a violation of a contractual obligation by failing to perform one’s own promise, by repudiating it, or by interfering with another party’s performance. A breach may be one by non-performance or by repudiation or by both”. 43. It is trite law that courts cannot re-write contracts for parties, neither can they imply terms that were not part of the contract. In the case of Rufale Vs Umon Manufacturing Co. (Ramsboltom) (1918) L.R 1KB 592, Scrutton L.J. held as follows: “ The rst thing is to see what the parties have expressed in the contract and then an implied term is not to be added because the court thinks it would have been reasonable to have inserted it in the contract.” 44. Equally in the case of Attorney General of Belize et al Vs Belize Telecom Ltd & Anoter (2009), 1WLR 1980 at page 1993, citing Lord Person in Trollope Colls Ltd Vs North West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board (1973) I WLR 601 at 609, held as follows: “ The court does not make a contract for the parties. The court will not even improve the contract which the parties have made for themselves. If the express terms are perfectly clear and from ambiguity, there is no choice to be made between dierent meanings. The clear terms must be applied even if the court thinks some other terms could have been more suitable.” 45. From the foregoing, I am not in doubt that it was actually the 1st and 2nd defendants who breached the contract by failing to provide the purchase price within the agreed timelines and as such it’s the nding of this court that the actions of the 1st and 2nd Defendant was in clear breach of the agreement dated 28th September 2013. 46. The second issue for determination by this court is whether defendants herein acted fraudulently in the transaction. The Plainti pleaded and particularized fraud against the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Defendants which were outlined at paragraph 10 of the amended plaint dated 26th February 2020. The following particulars of fraud were pleaded. i. Misrepresenting to the Plainti that there were in a position to obtain a loan from the bank. ii. Misrepresenting through fraud that there were in a position to deposit the 10% of the 1st and 2nd Defendant purchase price and monthly payments of Ksh 4,375,000/- while knowing that they were not in a position. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2023/18881/eng@2023-07-06 8

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47. iii. Failure to remit to the Plainti the amount of advance from the bank with the title L.R No. 209.525/4 as security. iv. Proceeding fraudulently with the transfer and charge of property without rst paying the 10% and the monthly instalments as agreed. v. Failure on the part of the 3rd Defendant to conrm the contents of the sale agreement before proceeding to draw and process the transfer and charge documents in favour of the bank. vi. Failure to update the Plainti on the processing of the loan and the charge. vii. Using undue inuence to make the Plainti execute the loan application and transfer documents in favour of the bank while making the Plainti belief that the deposit of the purchase price was payable to her as part of the purchase price. viii. Failure to notify the Plainti’s advocates in the transaction of the preparation of the various documents for their input and attestation. A party alleging fraud must specically plead the particulars of fraud and lead evidence to prove the allegations of fraud. Fraud is dened under the Black’s Law Dictionary 10th Edition as “A knowing misrepresentation or knowing concealment of a material fact made to induce another to act to his or her detriment”. To decipher that there was fraud it is important that knowledge of the existence of fraud be established on the part of the Defendants. How then can fraud be proved? The Court of Appeal in Mombasa Civil Appeal No. 312 of 2012 Eml Limited v Registrar of Titles Mombasa & 2 others [2014] eKLR held; “ Allegations of fraud are allegations of a serious nature normally required to be strictly pleaded and proved on a higher standard than the ordinary standard of balance of probabilities”. Similarly, the Court of Appeal decision in the case of John Kamunya & another v John Nginyi Muchiri & 3 others [2015] eKLR held that: “we nd that the law is clear as put by Mr. Karanja that matters of “fraud” must be strictly and specically pleaded before these can be interrogated by a court of law. Alternatively, even though not pleaded, these may be raised in the cause of the trial, evidence tendered on them, submission made on them and then left for the court to determine.” 48. In the instance case, the Plainti adduced evidence that pursuant to the sale agreement dated 28th September 2013, the 2nd Defendant was given the original title of the land for the purposes of presenting them to the bank together with the agreement to solicit a loan to nance payment of the purchase price. The 1st and 2nd Defendants never paid any purchase price within the agreement timelines and it also emerged that the transfer had been done to the name of the 1st Defendant. 49. In respect to the 3rd Defendant, during trial and in cross examination of the PWI, he conceded that the Plainti had no case against the bank and he could not recall who exactly from the bank had contacted him to inform him about the transaction. There was also no evidence adduced by the Plainti that indeed they ever visited the bank to follow up on the allegations that had been made. The 3rd Defendant also submitted that a they were not a party to any fraud since a genuine title deed was handed over to it with full knowledge of the Plainti and that the Plainti had willingly singed the transfer. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2023/18881/eng@2023-07-06 9

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50. It was the sole duty of the Plainti to lead evidence that the transfer of the suit property to the 1st Defendant was fraudulent and that the 2nd and 3rd Defendants actions were also fraudulent. In the case of Gladys Wanjiru Ngacha V Treresa Chepsaat & 4 Others, [2013] eKLR, the Court held that: “ …. Allegations of fraud must be strictly proved: although the standard of proof may not be so heavy as to require proof beyond reasonable doubt, something more than a mere balance of probabilities is required. It is not enough for the appellant to have pleaded fraud; she ought to have tendered evidence that proved the particulars of fraud to the satisfaction of the trial court. In Mutsonga vs. Nyati (1984) KLR 425, at pg 439, this Court held: “Whether there is any evidence to support an allegation of fraud is a question of fact”. 51. Taking the meaning of fraud as espoused above, and in the Plainti’s evidence tendered in Court, this Court nds and holds that the Plainti has been able to prove to the required standard the particulars of fraud as against the 1st and 2nd Defendants. However as relates to the 3rd Defendant, the Plainti did not on the required standard of proof demonstrate any existence of fraud on the part of the 3rd Defendant. 52. The third issue for consideration is what reliefs should be granted by this Court. The Plainti sought for various relies against the 1st and 2nd Defendants, however none was sought specically as against the 3rd Defendant even after lling the amended Plaint. 53. In respect to the prayer for specic performance that was sought, I wish to state that before this court determines whether it should award the order of specic performance, it must rst satisfy itself that the sale agreement that the Plainti seeks to rely on meets the requirements of a contract of sale of land. The Court has already held and found that there was a valid sale agreement as per section 3(3) of the contract Act. 54. The Granting of the equitable remedy of specic Performance is discretionary and as such the Court should in deciding whether or not to grant the orders look at the merits of the case based on a case to case basis and whether there is an adequate alternative. See the Case of Reliable Electrical Engineers Ltd…..Vs….Mantrac Kenya Limited (2006) eKLR, wherein Justice Maraga (as he then was) stated that:-“Specic performance like any other equitable remedy is discretionary and the Court will only grant it on well laid principles. The Jurisdiction of specic performance is based on the existence of a valid enforceable contract. It will not be ordered if the contract suers from some defect, such as failure to comply with the formal requirements or mistake or illegality, which makes the contract invalid or enforceable. Even when a contract is valid and enforceable, specic performance will however not be ordered where there is an adequate alternative remedy. In this respect damages are considered to be an adequate alternative remedy where the claimant can readily get the equivalent of what he contracted for from another source. Even when damages are adequate remedy specic performance may still be refused on the ground of undue inuenced or where it will cause severe hardship” 55. As already found and held by this Court, there was a valid sale agreement by the parties that was duly signed. Further the said agreement has not been vitiated by any factors nor has there been any allegations or form of illegality that has been alluded to. In view of the foregoing, this court nds that the said order for specic performance is for granting as sought by the Plainti. 56. On the issue of costs, under Section 27 of the Civil Procedure Act, the same is a doctrine of the court and ordinarily costs follow the event, unless otherwise stated. In the instant case, the Plainti has succeeded in its claim as against the 1st and 2nd Defendant and I will award costs to be paid by the 1st Defendants https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2023/18881/eng@2023-07-06 10

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Final orders 57. From the foregoing analysis, the Plainti proved its case on a balance of probabilities against the 1st and 2nd Defendant and in this regard, this Court makes the following nal orders; i. The Plainti’s claim against the 3rd Defendant is dismissed. ii. An order of specic performance is hereby issued directing the 1st Defendant to pay for the land as per the agreement of 28th September 2013 within 30 days from today. iii. Failure to comply with order 1 above, the contract for sale of land LR No. 209/525/4 dated 28th September 2013 between the plainti and the 1st defendant shall be deemed as rescinded and all the plainti’s documents of title shall be returned to the plainti. iv. The 1st Defendant to pay the Plainti’s and the 3rd Defendants costs of the suit Judgment accordingly. DATED, SIGNED AND DELIVERED VIRTUALLY AT NAIROBI THIS 6TH DAY OF JULY 2023. E. K. WABWOTO JUDGE In the Presence of: Mr. Moriasi for the Plainti N/A for the 1st and 2nd Defendants Mr. Karanja for the 3rd Defendant Court Assistant: Caroline Nafuna https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2023/18881/eng@2023-07-06 11

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