Nafuu Holdings Limited v Mwangi (Environment and Land Case Civil Suit 652 of 2012) [2022] KEELC 3012 (KLR)

in Nairobi. It further stated that the Defendant by virtue of not having title to the property cannot be in possession of valid building approvals thus his construction is illegal. It is its case that it has been deprived of the use and enjoyment of the suit property and has sufiered loss and damages. The Defendant’s Case 4. The Defendant filed an amended defence and counterclaim dated January 14, 2015. It is his case that he is the bona fide owner of the property known as LR 209/4401/708 and has had possession since 2008.He admitted to placing a notice on property known as LR No 4401/709 (plot No.805), LR No 209/4401/708 (plot No 806) and LR No 209/4401/707 (plot No 807) for construction of fiats and further admitted proceeding with construction and being in possession of valid building approvals from the City Council of Nairobi. 5. The Defendant also contended that he purchased LR 209/4401/708 (Plot No 806) from Beth Wambui Machira who in turn was allotted by the City Council of Nairobi on September 22, 1992. It was his case that the Plaintifi fraudulently obtained a title deed in respect of the property known as LR 209/4401/708 and particularized the fraud allegations against the Plaintifi. 6. In his counterclaim, he contended that he is owner of 2 adjacent plots to the suit property being plot No 805 (LR 209/4401/709) and plot No 807 (LR No 209/4401/707) and that the 3 plots have been amalgamated with the consent and approval of the City Council of Nairobi. 7. He sought orders; a. That the Plaintifi’s suit against the Defendant be dismissed with cots. b. A declaration that the property known as LR 209/4401/708 (plot No 806) belongs to Nicholas George Mwai. c. A declaration that the Plaintifi’s registration of a lease in respect of LR 209/4401/7089 (plot No 806) in its favour was unlawful, unprocedurally and fraudulently procured. d. A permanent injunction restraining the Plaintifi either by itself, its servants, agents, employees, assigns, personal representatives or otherwise from encroaching upon, trespassing onto, alienating or disposing of or in any other was whatsoever dealing with and or interfering with the Defendant’s property known as Land Reference No 209/4401/708 (plot No 806). e. An order directing the land registrar to cancel and deregister the lease in favour of Nafuu Housing Limited in respect of LR 209/4401/708(plot No 806). f. An order for compensation for violation of the Defendant’s constitutional rights. g. Costs of the suit h. Interest in (f) and (g). i. Any other remedy this Honourable Court may deem fit to grant. The Plaintifi ’s Evidence 8. PW1, Paul Wangai Murigi a director of the Plaintifi, testified on 9th May 2019. His witness statement filed on October 2, 2012 was adopted as part of his evidence. The Plaintifi’s list of documents filed on the same date and a further list of documents filed on 25th October 2012 produced as exhibits in this case. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/3012/eng@2022-06-16 2

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9. He told the court that the Plaintifi’s claim is that it requested to be allocated land by Nairobi city Council to develop housing units and in 2010, it was allocated LR No 209/4401/708, paid all the necessary fees and it was given a lease registered on February 14, 2012 which he produced. He added that the lease was drawn by the City Council of Nairobi and witnessed by Winfred W Gitao and that signatories are the Plaintifi’s directors. He stated that as they wanted to commence construction, they found that the Defendant had encroached on the suit land and started construction. He produced photographs of the construction and stated that the Defendant went on with the construction up to completion. 10. He produced the survey plan for the area and stated that the Plaintifi filed a complaint to the authorities. It was his testimony that he has seen the Defendant’s defence and counterclaim and denies allegations therein in totality. He stated that the Plaintifi did not obtain any documents/registration fraudulently/illegally as all the documents pertaining to the suit land were given to them by City Council of Nairobi and they all referred to the suit land. He added that LR No 209/4401/708 is difierent from LR No 440/805-7 which is the plot the Defendant claims. He stated that the Defendant has encroached on the Plaintifi’s property and prayed that the defence and counterclaim be dismissed. 11. When cross-examined, he stated that plot 806 is the same as LR 209/4401/708.He told the court that he made an application for allocation of land which goes before a committee who make the allocation. He added that he applied for a specific area being Makadara but not a specific plot and that the lease was given in 2010. He stated that he did not have the application to the council. 12. He testified that the lease was registered on February 14, 2012 thus the Plaintifi became owner on that date. He added that he visited the suit property and there was nothing in the said land. He stated that before the lease, they were not given a letter of allotment. He further stated that he was in the process of applying for approval of building plan when he found that the suit land had been encroached. 13. It was his testimony that he paid land rates but receipts are not in his bundle of documents. He testified that there is no consideration, he would need to consult the other directors on the issue of consideration. It was his testimony that they paid several monies but there are no receipts in his bundle. 14. When put to task on the Defendant’s documents, he stated that he has seen the letter of Allotment issued to Beth Wambui Machira and seen that she transferred to Nicholas G Mwai. He added that he has seen the letter from City Council confirming that the plot belongs to Nicholas G Mwai but he has not seen results of investigations conducted over the suit land by the Director of Criminal Investigations. Referred to the letter from Ag Chief Land Surveyor dated September 21, 2012 and copied to the director ,City planning and legal afiairs with the conclusion that ‘later registration should be revoked and title cancelled to avoid unnecessary litigation, he stated that he did not register his title clandestinely. 15. PW1 also stated that Nairobi City Council was supposed to give him vacant possession but he has not sued it for vacant possession. He told the court that he does not know the relationship between Tomajok limited and the Plaintifi as he does not know the directors of the said Tomajok Limited. He stated that the Plaintifis Advocate’s ofices; Winfred Gitau were near Arboretum but does not recall whether the mayor or the Town clerk signed the lease as his lawyers were handling the matter and they must be having correspondence between them and City Hall forwarding documents. 16. When he was re-examined, he stated that that he gathers investigations over this matter are ongoing from the letter dated November 19, 2011 addressed by the DCI but his title has not been revoked and none of the Plaintifi’s directors has been charged in a criminal court in respect of the suit land stated https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/3012/eng@2022-06-16 3

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that there must have been payments made to city hall in respect of acquisition of title and that he does not understand why city Hall has not given him possession yet they gave him all the documents. The Defendant’s Evidence 17. DW1, Nicholas George Mwai the Defendant, testified on 9th May 2019. His witness statement dated November 2, 2012 was adopted as part of his evidence in chief. The Defendant’s list of documents of the same date, a list of documents dated January 20, 2015 and a supplementary list of documents dated May 2015 were marked as exhibits in this case. 18. He urged the court to cancel the Plaintifi’s Title as it is forged. He added that he has seen the Plaintifi’s documents and they are not genuine. He stated that he has developed the plot and has a total of 72 fiats. He further stated that he has the original allotment letter issued to Beth Wambui Machira in September 1992 and he did a search which informed him that the suit plot was hers. 19. It was his testimony that in 2009, he learnt that somebody was claiming the property and the Chief land surveyor wrote a letter to the Director of Planning to investigate deed plans in respect to the suit plot. He stated that registration of the Plaintifi’s lease be stopped until further advise but the Plaintifi proceeded to have it registered unprocedurally. He stated that the Plaintifi’s lease was witnessed by Winfred Gitau who was not in Nairobi City council’s panel. 20. He testified that the letter dated October 4, 2012 from the town clerk confirms that plot 806 was allocated to Beth Wambui Machira then transferred to him and that he also owns plots 805 and 807 and that the 3 were approved for amalgamation and approvals for development obtained. He further testified that the minutes availed by the Plaintifi do not exist and that his fiats cover the 3 plots. He stated that he has invested over Kshs.65 Million and that he has tenants and gets an income of kshs.1 million per month. 21. When cross-examined on the signage placed on the suit property indicating that the proposed fiats would be constructed on LR .440/805, 806 and 807, he stated that his contractor put the signage and that he does not have title in respect of the amalgamated plots since the Plaintifi forged documents in respect of plot 806. 22. When he was referred to the conditions on the letter of allotment with respect to the suit property issued on September 22, 1992, he stated that there is a receipt for Kshs. 12, 140/= issued on May 14, 1994 and that conditions in the letter of allotment were to be met within 30 days and the allotment letter is still valid. Referred to the lease, he stated that it is drawn by John Ombongi. He stated that he does not work at City Hall, the memos in his list of documents were given to him after making requests through his Advocates. He stated that the Plaintifi has not been charged with any criminal ofience and its title has not been revoked. 23. When he was re-examined, he stated that Beth Wambui Machira was issued with the allotment letter dated September 22, 2019 and she has receipts of payment of rates and a beacon certificate dated 1st August 2008.He stated that he bought the suit land for Kshs.1,050,000/=. He further stated that he has attached the amalgamation plans for plots 805-7 which is now 209/4401/708 where he has constructed and that the amalgamation letter has not been objected to. 24. At the close of oral testimonies parcels tendered final written submissions. The Plaintifi ’s Submissions 25. They are dated March 4, 2022. Counsel for the Plaintifi submitted on the following issues:- https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/3012/eng@2022-06-16 4

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a. Is the Plaintifi the lawful owner of land parcel known as LR No 209/4401/709? b. Whether the Plaintifi acquired LR No 209/4401/709 illegally? c. Whether the Plaintifi is entitled to possession of LR No 209/4401/709? d. Whether there exist plots known as LR No 440/805,806 and 807? e. Whether the Defendant is in lawful occupation of LR No 209/4401/709? f. Whether the Defendant’s letters of allotment are valid? g. Whether parties are entitled to reliefs sought in their respective prayers? h. Who should pay costs? 26. The Plaintifi’s counsel submitted that the Plaintifi entered into a lease agreement with the City Council of Nairobi on April 5, 2010 over title Number IR 12431/806 also known as Land Reference No 209/4401/806 being a portion of grant registered as No 1243/1 and the same was registered as No 137568/1 on 9th May 2012, thus the Plaintifi holds a duly registered lease. 27. It was his submission that the Defendant’s claim is pegged on the Letter of Allotment issued to Beth Wambui Machira yet a letter of allotment does not confer any proprietary rights to anyone as the same is an ofier. He added that there is no evidence any written acceptance of the Letter of Allotment issued to Beth Nyambura and no evidence of payment of rent and stand premium as contained in the Letter of Allotment within 30 days. He further submitted that the suit property described in the Letter of Allotment is not the same as the suit property as it does not exist. He relied on the case of Dickson Ngigi Ngugi v Commissioner of Lands [2019] eKLR. 28. Counsel submitted that the Plaintifi paid conveyance fees of Kshs.15,000/= to the City Council of Nairobi for the purchase of the suit property and also paid a stamp duty of Kshs.1220/= on April 26, 2012 therefore the Plaintifi procedurally bought and acquired title over the suit property and is entitled to possession. It was also his submission that government records at the Ministry of lands and the Department of survey show no records of the property known as LR No.440/805, 806 and 807. The Defendant’s Submissions 29. They are dated March 9, 2022. Counsel for the Defendant submitted that the Constitution at Article 40(6) does not extend protection of a right to own property to any property that has been found to have been unlawfully acquired. It was his submission that the Defendant was able to prove the particulars of fraud /illegality on the part of the Plaintifi. He pointed out that the Plaintifi relied on minutes from City Council and list of approved buildings from city Hall contained in the further list of documents dated October 25, 2012 to demonstrate that it was allocated the suit property by Nairobi City Council. He added that the Defendant objected to their production and the Plaintifi failed to call their maker to produce them thus there is no documentary evidence to support the purported lease. He also pointed out that PW1 did not have the letter of application to the council to be given the suit property and had no letter of allotment. 30. It was also his submission that that City Council of Nairobi has categorically denied the Plaintifi’s claim of ownership of the suit property and confirmed that the Defendant is lawful owner in their memos and letters produced by DW1; which were produced without contestation from the Plaintifi. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/3012/eng@2022-06-16 5

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31. Counsel also relied on the case of Kenya National Highway Authority v Shalien Masood Mughal & 5 others [2017] eKLR and the case of Alberta Mae Gacii v Attorney General & 4 others [2006] eKLR to submit that mere possession of a title document does not imply that the same cannot be challenged. 32. In support of the Defendant’s counterclaim, Counsel submitted that the Plaintifi’s dismissal of the letter of allotment as not being title is unfounded since the Defendant’s allotment has never been cancelled and was 1st in time and on the other hand, the Plaintifi has no letter of allotment. 33. He also submitted that the Defendant pleaded that he is also the bonafide owner of two adjacent plots being plot No 805 (LR No 209/4401/709) and plot No 807 (LR No 209/4401/707).He added that there was a dispute in respect of one of the said properties being plot No 805 (LR No 209/4401/709) filed against the Defendant and which is reported as Tomajok Limited v Nicholas George Mwai Mwangi [2019] eKLR which was heard and determined in favour of the Defendant and urged the court to be persuaded by that holding. 34. I have considered the pleadings and the evidence on record. I have also considered the written submissions filed on behalf of the parties and the authorities cited. the issues for determination are:i. Who is the lawful owner of the suit property? ii. Is the Plaintifi entitled to the reliefs sought? iii. Is the Defendant entitled to the reliefs sought in the counterclaim? iv. Who should bear costs of this suit? 35. PW1, the Plaintifis director told the court that they requested to be allocated land to develop housing units. He told the court in 2010 they succeeded after following due process. He told the court that they were allocated LR No 209/4401/708. He produced the lease in respect of the said plot as exhibit P1. 36. It was his case when they sought to commence construction they found someone else had started construction on the same plot. The person constructing was the Defendant. It appears the Defendant has constructed to completion. 37. When he was cross examined by the Defendant’s counsel, he admitted that he did not have a copy of the application in their bundle. He also stated that the Plaintifi was not given a letter of allotment. He further stated that he paid several monies but the receipts were not in the Plaintifi’s bundle of documents. 38. He could not state what the consideration was but it was issued with a lease on July 9, 2010 and registered on February 14, 2012. He did not produce any receipts for payment of rates. 39. He also admitted that he had not sued the Nairobi City County for vacant possession. 40. The tussle over the suit land involves the alleged registered proprietor who is the Plaintifi and the Defendant whose claim is pegged on the Letter of Allotment issued to Beth Nyambura Machira on September 22, 1992. In Munyu Maina v Hiram Gathiha Maina [2013] eKLR, the Court of Appeal stated; “Under Section 112 of the Evidence Act, when any fact is especially within the knowledge of any party to those proceedings, the burden of proving or disproving that fact is upon him.” The Plaintifi’s Title is under challenge; he is required to go beyond the instrument of title and prove the legality of how it acquired the title. 41. PW1 told the court that he made an application to be allocated land to the Nairobi City Council. There was no evidence of such application. He stated that the Plaintifi was then allotted the suit https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/3012/eng@2022-06-16 6

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property and a lease was registered between it and Nairobi City Council. He sought to rely on minutes of council allocating the land. While the Defendant objected to production of the said minutes, had they been produced, they do not confer interest until actualized by issuance of Letter of Allotment and by the allotee accepting and meeting conditions contained in the Letter of Allotment. The Plaintifi’s contention that it was allotted the suit property was not supported by evidence of a Letter of Allotment. There is no beacon certificate to confirm that the allotee was shown the plot on the ground together with the beacons. There were no receipts to indicate that there was consideration. Apart from waving the Lease registered in 2012, the Plaintifi had no evidence supporting the said lease. 42. The Defendant on the other hand told, the court that he bought the plot from Beth Wambui Machira who was the original allottee of the suit plot. He told the court that as per the records held at the Nairobi County Government he is the owner of the plot. He further stated that he has developed the plots which now have about 72 fiats. It is his case that the lease issued to the Plaintifi was done unprocedurally and prays that the same be cancelled. 43. The Defendant led evidence that he purchased the suit plot from Beth Wambui Machira. The allotment letter issued to the said Beth Wambui Machira dated September 22, 1992 has an endorsement on the top right stating, “Transferred from Beth Wambui Machira; letter ref.CPD/ARCH/005583 dated September 22, 1992 to Nicholas George Mwai Mwangi”. There is a beacon certificate issued to Beth Wambui Machira dated August 11, 2008.There is evidence that the said Beth Wambui Machira was in possession of the suit land and there are receipts for payment of rates. 44. The Plaintifi argued that the Defendant’s claim under the Letter of Allotment could not stand since the initial allotee; Beth Nyambura Machira did not comply with the conditions set in the aforementioned Letter of Allotment within the timelines provided which was 30 days. It argued that receipts of payment of ground rent and stand premium were issued to the said Beth Nyambura Machira in 1994 which was way after the 30 days stipulated in the allotment letter. Once land is allocated, it cannot be re-allocated unless the first allocation is validly and lawfully cancelled. There is no evidence that the allocation to Beth Nyambura Machira was cancelled so that it can be said that the land was available for allocation to the Defendant. 45. There is a letter dated addressed by City Council of Nairobi stating that the suit plot was allotted to Beth Wambui Machira who in turn transferred to the Defendant. The City council of Nairobi is the lessor. It does not recognize the alleged lessee. In a similar case; Nancy Wanjiru Kunyiha v Samuel Njoroge Kamau [2018] eKLR the court stated:“ If the Municipal Council of Nakuru (now the County Government of Nakuru), the holder of the head lease, states that it has never issued a lease in respect of this land, and there is no record of any lease having been so issued, how can this court hold that there was actually a lease granted to Samwel Kamau Mwangi ? ….The Certificate of Lease held by the Defendant is merely a paper document, not acknowledged by the head lessor and the necessary documentation, and cannot stand. It follows that Godfrey Wadahi never had any title to transfer to the defendant.” 46. The Plaintifi is unable to demonstrate the root of its Certificate of Lease. In fact from PW1’s testimony there is nothing to show that the Plaintifi applied for the plot and was allocated the same. The minutes sought to be relied upon to show that he was allocated the plot were not produced. As things stand the Plaintifi only has the Certificate of Lease with no supporting documents. 47. The Plaintifi dismissed the Defendant’s allotment letter as being a mere letter which does not confer title and stated that it cannot be superior to its lease. In Miriam Mbeke Nyamasyo & 2 others v Dishon https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/3012/eng@2022-06-16 7

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Odhiambo & 6 others [2021] eKLR the court while holding that a party is entitled to uphold its interest in a Letter of allotment stated; “I cannot fault the plaintifis for coming to court seeking the eviction of the 1st – 6th defendants from their land. As I have said, although they only hold allotment letters, they are entitled to protect the interest in the allotment letters. The 1st – 6th defendants have not demonstrated that they have a title that is more superior to that held by the plaintifis and cannot hinge their defence on the assertion that the plaintifis only have an allotment letter. The defendants have not demonstrated to me that they should be allowed to continue with possession of the land that has been allotted to the plaintifis. I therefore find that the plaintifis are fully entitled to the orders of eviction and permanent injunction against the 1st – 6th defendants. I find no merit in the 1st – 6th defendant’s counterclaim and the same is dismissed.” 48. Section 26(1) (b) of the Land Registration Act, 2012 provides that:“ (1) (2) 49. The certificate of title issued by the Registrar upon registration, or to a purchaser of land upon a transfer or transmission by the proprietor shall be taken by all courts as prima facie evidence that the person named as proprietor of the land is the absolute and indefeasible owner, subject to the encumbrances, easements, restrictions and conditions contained or endorsed in the certificate, and the title of that proprietor shall not be subject to challenge, except— (a) on the ground of fraud or misrepresentation to which the person is proved to be a party; or (b) where the certificate of title has been acquired illegally, unprocedurally or through a corrupt scheme. A certified copy of any registered instrument, signed by the Registrar and sealed with the Seal of the Registrar, shall be received in evidence in the same manner as the original.” The evidence adduced by PW1 confirms that the certificate of leas it holds was issued unprocedurally hence the same can be impeached. In the absence of any Letter of Allotment issued to the Plaintifi, the Plaintifi cannot be said to have been allocated the suit plot. The Plaintifi’s case is that it was allocated the plot by the City Council of Nairobi and there are minutes available. In the case of County Council of Meru & 2 others v PCEA through the Registered Trustees [2020] eKLR it was held that:“ Minutes alone do not confer any proprietary interest in land. This is because minutes are an expression of intention to allocate land. The commitment to actualize the intent to allocate is manifested in the issuance of the Letter of Allotment from the allocating authority. Demarcation of the parcel of land in question is then carried out through the process of survey. Thus the resolution of the council as captured in the minutes must be put into efiect in order to give rise to a bundle of rights in land capable of being protected”. 50. In the instant suit the Plaintifi did not produce the minutes which purported to allocate it the suit plot. PW1 did not produce any Letter of Allotment in the name of the Plaintifi. The only conclusion is that the Title held by the Plaintifi was unprocedurally and unlawfully obtained. 51. I find that the Plaintifi has failed to prove its case as against the Defendant on a balance of probabilities. Its case must fail. The same is dismissed. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/3012/eng@2022-06-16 8

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52. In essence the Defendant’s counterclaim succeeds. The Defendant was able to demonstrate how he acquired the suit plot. 53. Accordingly, judgment is entered for the Defendant as against the Plaintifi as follows: a. That a declaration is hereby issued that the property known as LR 209/4401/708 (plot No 806) belongs to Nicholas George Mwai. b. That a declaration is hereby issued that the Plaintifi’s registration of a lease in respect of LR 209/4401/7089 (plot No 806) in its favour was unlawful, unprocedurally and fraudulently procured. c. That a permanent injunction is hereby issued restraining the Plaintifi either by itself, its servants, agents, employees, assigns, personal representatives or otherwise from encroaching upon, trespassing onto, alienating or disposing of or in any other was whatsoever dealing with and or interfering with the Defendant’s property known as Land Reference No 209/4401/708 (plot No 806). d. That an order is hereby issued directing the Chief Land Registrar to cancel and deregister the lease in favour of Nafuu Housing Limited in respect of LR No 209/4401/708 (Plot No 806). e. That the Defendant’s shall have costs of the suit. It is so ordered. DATED, SIGNED AND DELIVERED NAIROBI THIS 16TH DAY OF JUNE 2022. L. KOMINGOI JUDGE In the presence of:Mr. Makori for the Plaintifi Mr. Kamotho for the Defendant Steve - Court Assistant https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/3012/eng@2022-06-16 9

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