Mbogo v Joreth Limited (Environment & Land Case E101 of 2020) [2022] KEELC 2514 (KLR)

1987. The share acquired entitled him to a plot measuring half (1/2) an acre, the subject property of this suit. The Plaintifi avers that upon payment for the share in full, and the others dues owed to Thome Farmers No. 5 Limited, he was shown the Plot as per his share certificate, which Plot measures ½ an acre. 3. The Plaintifi avers that he thereafter paid the survey fees and was issued with a ballot card and a certificate which represented plot number 220 on the ground. He took possession of the suit property in the same year, 1987 and started cultivating on it, fencing and planting trees and other subsistence crops. 4. Prior to filing the suit, the Plaintifi had been in possession of the suit property continuously, exclusively, openly and without interruption for a period of 33 years. On the said parcel of land, the Plaintifi has indeed built a family home. He constructed the same from 1992 and moved into the house with his family in 1997. 5. The Plaintifi reiterates that he has been had actual, open, uninterrupted possession all through. No one including the Defendant has ever questioned his ownership or occupation since 1987. The Plaintifi therefore afirms that the Defendant’s rights over the suit property have been extinguished by virtue of his acquisition by adverse possession. 6. That the property is currently registered within the mother title L.R. No. 13330 in the name of the Defendant. Subdivisions had however been done and the suit property that the Plaintifi claims is clearly identifiable as L.R No. 13330/16. The Plaintifi has attached a copy of the extract of the mother title L.R. No. 13330 as well as a Survey Plan identifying the suit property, L.R No. 13330/16. Defendant’s Case 7. The Originating Summons was opposed by the Defendant who filed a Replying Afidavit sworn on the 3rd May, 2021 by one Peter Mungai. The deponent avers that he is a Special Manager of the Defendant Company. 8. The Deponent categorically afirmed that the defendant Company had never entered into a Sale Agreement with the Plaintifi for the purchase of the suit property. That no evidence of sale and/or certificate of share between the Plaintifi and the Defendant had been adduced. 9. Indeed, the deponent confirmed that the Defendant is the registered owner of all that parcel of land known as L.R. No.13330 having been so registered on the 19th December, 2000. The said Title was as a result of an amalgamation or consolidation of the defendant’s two titles previously known as L.R. No. 4920/3 and 4921/3 which titles the Defendant held since 1950’s. The suit property Plot No. 220 (L.R No. 13330/16) is a subdivision of L.R. No. 13330 which has never been registered in the name of the Plaintifi or the alleged Thome Farmers No. 5 Limited. 10. The chronology of events as per the Defendant are that the Defendant was the lawful owner of the parcels of land known as L.R. No. 4920/3/2 and 4921/3/1 which were amalgamated into L.R. No. 13330. However, before the amalgamation, the property had been subdivided into 642 Plots. That some trespassers then invaded the land prompting the Defendant to institute a case at the High Court at Nairobi being HCCC No. 6206 of 1992 against all the trespassers on the land. The trespassers on the Defendant’s land (L.R. No. 13330) just like the Plaintifi herein purported to have purchased the land from Thome Farmers No.5 Limited. A Consent Order was entered in the case before the High Court requiring the Defendants therein to pay to Joreth Limited an all-inclusive sum of Kshs. 200,000/- each in order to have their respective plots transferred to them individually. According to the Defendant, https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/2514/eng@2022-06-28 2

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the Plaintifi herein did not comply and is therefore not entitled to transfer of the title to his parcel of land as claimed. 11. The Defendant avers that Thome Farmers No. 5 Ltd has never owned the property known as L.R. No. 13330. The Plaintifi therefore had not established his ownership to the land, and had no title to produce as proof of ownership. 12. The Defendant averred that the Plaintifi’s possession of the suit property was interrupted by the filling of the case at the High Court in Nairobi in 1992. The claim of adverse possession therefore cannot stand as the Plaintifi’s occupation has not been continuous for a period in excess of twelve (12) years. Plaintifi ’s Further Afidavit 13. In response, the Plaintifi filed a further Afidavit deponed on the 19th May, 2021 pursuant to leave granted by the court on the 6th May, 2021. 14. The Plaintifi contended that his case is founded on adverse possession. Further that the Defendant gave Thome Farmers No. 5 Limited possession of the land and the subdivision which the Defendant acknowledges in it reply was efiected by Thome Farmers No. 5 Ltd. The Plaintifi further averred that he was not a party to the alleged proceedings in Nairobi HCCC No. 6206 of 1992 and any orders issued therein are not binding on him. The Consent Order alluded to by the Defendant could only bind the 6 Defendants who conceded to it and not anyone else. 15. The Plaintifi emphasized that he had placed suficient evidence before the court proving his full physical possession. He even exhibited attached photographs of his home standing on the property since 1992. He got power connected to the property in 1997 and a telephone landline in his house. Directions under Order 37 of the Civil Procedure Rules 16. On the 6th October, 2021, the Court directed that the matter to proceeds by way of viva voice evidence. The Originating Summons and the Supporting Afidavit were to be treated as if they are the Plaint and the Replying Afidavit by the Defendant be treated as a Statement of Defence. Plaintifi ’s Evidence 17. The Plaintifi, Edward Mbogo testified in his case. He adopted his Witness Statement dated 1st September, 2020 as his evidence in-chief and produced the documents on the Plaintifi’s Bundle of Documents dated 1st September, 2020 as his exhibits, PE 1-8. He entirely afirmed the statements in his pleadings. 18. In cross- examination the Plaintifi stated that he is seeking orders to be declared as the owner of the suit property as against the Defendant. The Plaintifi reiterated that he has been in possession of the suit property since 1987 a total of 33 years by the time he filed the suit in court. The Plaintifi indeed confirmed that it was in deed true that he never entered into any agreement with Joreth Limited. He was aware that the property is still in the name of the Defendant. He denied knowledge of the High Court suit HCCC No. 6206/ 1992. He was not amongst people who were sued in the case. 19. In re-examination the Plaintifi stated that his plot was identifiable as at 1987 as there were beacons. Defendant’s Evidence 20. Mr. David Karanja Nderitu testified on behalf of the Defendant as DW1. He adopted his Witness Statement dated 14 th January, 2022 as his evidence in-chief. He also produced the Bundle of Documents on the Defendant’s List of Documents dated the 3rd May, 2021 as Defence Exh 1 -14. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/2514/eng@2022-06-28 3

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21. DW 1 stated that the suit property is a subdivision of a larger property known as L.R. No. 13330 as shown on the mother title. Prior to the subdivision in 1999, as far as he could remember there were no people in Plot No. 13330/16. The witness averred that the Plaintifi has not produced any documents to confirm his being on the land as the Photographs produced have no dates. He confirmed that the Plaintifi in this suit was not sued in HCCC No. 6206 of 1992. The witness alleged that the reason why the Plaintifi had not been included in their case before the High Court was that he was no a trespasser according to their investigations. He nonetheless confirmed that the Plaintifi herein lives on the suit property. 22. In cross-examination, DW 1 confirmed that he was aware that the Plaintifi lives in his house on the suit property. He confirmed that the documents provided by the Plaintifi showed power connection and the telephone installation into the Plaintifi’s house. He had no evidence to contradict the Plaintifi’s evidence as to when the house was constructed. He had not laid any basis to dispute what the Plaintifi stated in court. Joreth Limited had not taken any action against the Plaintifi from 2005 even though the witness alleged that they became aware of his presence of the land then. 23. In re-examination, the witness stated that the mother title was issued on 20.4. 2000. The date of January 23, 1987 was the date of approval of the scheme of subdivision. The power Contract exhibited by the Plaintifi did not refer to the suit property. Finally, the witnessed stated the Plaintifi has not produced Deed Plans of the area he is occupying. Court’s Directions 24. After the close of the hearing of the case, the Court directed parties to file written submissions, which directions both parties complied with. The Plaintifi filed his submissions dated 8th May, 2022 whereas the Defendant filed its written submissions dated the 16th June, 2022. The court has had the opportunity to peruse the submissions and the authorities cited therein. Issues for Determination 25. Having scrutinized the pleadings filed by the parties in this case, the testimonies presented during the hearing and the submissions filed, this court is of the view that the issues for determination in this case are: a) Whether the Plaintifi has made a case for adverse possession of the suit property against the Defendant. b) Whether the plaintifi is entitled to the orders sought. Analysis and Determination A. Whether the Plaintifi has made a case of adverse possession of the suit property against the Defendant. 26. The doctrine of Adverse Possession in Kenya is provided for in Section 13 of the Limitation of Actions Act aforesaid further provides that: ‘A right of action to recover land does not accrue unless the land is in the possession of some person in whose favor the period of limitation can run (which possession is in this Act referred to as Adverse Possession) and, where under Sections 9, 10, 11 and 12 (of the Act) a right of action to recover land accrues on a certain date and no person is in Adverse https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/2514/eng@2022-06-28 4

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Possession on that date, a right of action does not accrue unless and until some person takes Adverse Possession of the land.’ 27. Sections 37 and 38 of the Limitation of Actions Act stipulate that if the land is registered under one of the registration Acts, then the title is not extinguished but held in trust for the person in Adverse Possession until he shall have obtained and registered a High Court Order vesting the land in him. 28. The Plaintifi has instituted the present suit seeking for a declaration that he has acquired title by adverse possession to the suit property known as Plot No. 220 Thome Farmers No. 5 Limited; also known as L.R No. 13330/16. 29. For a claim of Adverse Possession to succeed, a party must satisfy the now well settled criteria stated in numerous decided case including the case of Maweu vs. Liu Ranching and Farming Cooperative Society 1985 KLR 430 where the Court held; “ Thus, to prove title by Adverse Possession, it was not suficient to show that some acts of Adverse Possession had been committed. It was also to prove that possession claimed was adequate, in continuity, in publicity and in extent and that it was adverse to the registered owner. In law, possession is a matter of fact depending on all circumstances.” 30. The Court of Appeal in the case of Benjamin Kamau Murma & Others vs Gladys Njeri, CA No. 213 of 1996 held that: “ The combined efiect of the relevant provisions of Sections 7, 13 and 17 of the Limitation of Actions Act, Chapter 22 of the Laws of Kenya is to extinguish the title of the proprietor of land in favour of an adverse possessor of the same at the expiry of 12 years of Adverse Possession of that land.” 31. The onus in a claim for adverse possession lies with the person claiming Adverse Possession. The Indian Supreme Court decision in the case of Kamataka Board of Wakf vs Government of India & Others (2004) 10 SCC 779 emphasized the well settled principle that a party claiming adverse possession must prove that his possession is “nec vi, nec clam, nec precario” meaning, ‘no force, no secrecy, no evasion’. Difierently put, the possession must be peaceful, open and continuous. 32. Further the Court of Appeal in the decision of Wilson Kazungu Katana & 101 others vs Abdalla Bakshwein & Another (2015) eKLR stated that for a claim of adverse possession to succeed, 33. i. The subject parcel of land must be registered in the name of a person other than the Applicant; ii. The applicant must be in open and exclusive possession of that piece of land in an adverse manner to the title of the owner; and iii. The Applicant must have been in occupation for a period in excess of twelve (12) years having dispossessed the owner or there having been discontinuance of possession by the owner. In the case of Kasuve vs Mawaani Investments Limited & 4 others 1 KLR 184, the Court of Appeal restated what a Plaintifi in a claim for Adverse Possession has to prove in the following words; “ In order to be entitled to land by Adverse Possession, the claimant must prove that he has been in exclusive possession of the land openly and as of right without interruption for a period of 12 years either after dispossessing the owner or by discontinuation of possession by the owner on his own volition”. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/2514/eng@2022-06-28 5

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34. Guided by the above position of the law, the responsibility of this court is to determine whether the Plaintifi herein has the criteria vis-à-vis the evidence adduced before this court. 35. It is not in dispute that the suit property is currently registered within the mother title LR. No. 13330 in the name of the Defendant. The Plaintifi annexed a copy of the extract of the mother title LR. No. 13330 as well as a Survey Plan identifying the suit property. The Defendant has equally not disputed ownership of the suit property. In fact the Defendant’s unequivocal evidence was that it is the registered proprietor of the suit property LR. No. 13330/16. That satisfies the first element – the land must be registered in the name of a person other than the Applicant. 36. The second requirement is for the Plaintifi to prove that he has been in open and exclusive possession of that piece of land in an adverse manner to the title of the owner. 37. It was the Plaintifi’s evidence that he took possession of the suit property way back in 1987. He continued to use the plot openly without interruption from. Sometime in 1992, he built a family home on the suit property where he has since settled in with his family. He produced Photographs, PE 5 showing the well-established house. Further, he produced documents showing that he connected power and a landline telephone line into the house. He testified on oath that he has been in actual physical possession, open, uninterrupted and without interference from anyone including the Defendant. No one has ever questioned his possession and or occupation of the suit property since 1987. 38. The Defendant on the other hand contends that the that the Defendant is the proprietor of the suit property LR. No. 13330/16 after amalgamating some other properties. That it was after the amalgamation that some trespassers invaded the land. Consequently, the Defendant had to institute proceedings at the High Court; HCCC No. 6206 of 1992 against all the trespassers on the land. The trespassers on the Defendant’s land (L.R. No. 13330) purported to have purchased the land from Thome Farmers No. 5 Limited. A Consent Order was then entered requiring them to pay Kshs. 200,000 to Joreth Limited who was to then transfer the land to them individually. The Plaintifi did not comply. Further, the Defendant contended that the Plaintifi had not suficiently proved possession of suit property and even if he hasd been in possession, the same cannot have been for a continuous period of twelve (12) as the same was interrupted by suit at the High Court. 39. The Plaintifi however as it turned out during the hearing was not a party in the alleged case before the High Court. Having perused the Defendant’s documents particularly proceedings at the High Court in HCCC No. 6206 of 1992, the Plaintifi was evidently not a party to the said proceedings. His occupation then cannot be said to have been interrupted by the High Court. The alleged consent was supposedly entered into in the year 2005. Fifteen years had since passed from that date before the Plaintifi filed his claim for adverse possession. From whichever side one looks at it, the period of 12 years had been surpassed. 40. On a balance of probabilities, I am persuaded that the Plaintifi has proved that he has indeed been in possession and occupation of the suit property. 41. The Defendant has termed the Plaintifi’s entry into the suit property as trespass. It is in fact the said trespass that makes the Plaintifi’s entry on the suit property adverse. Entry without the consent and or permission of the owner of the land. 42. The Plaintifi led evidence that he has been in exclusive control of the suit property since 1987 to date openly and without interruption by anyone, least of all, the Defendant. The Defendant had knowledge of the Plaintifi’s occupation of the suit property all along. This court finds that the Plaintifi has proved https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/2514/eng@2022-06-28 6

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the second element to the required standard - open and exclusive possession of that piece of land in an adverse manner to the title of the owner. 43. The final requirement for a party claiming adverse possession is to prove that he has have been in occupation for a period in excess of twelve (12) years having dispossessed the owner or there having been discontinuance of possession by the owner. 44. The Plaintifi’s evidence that he has been in possession of the suit property since 1987 has not been suficiently controverted by the Defendant. Further, his evidence of occupation since 1992, when he built the house, has also not been challenged. The Plaintifi adduced evidence confirming that he in deed contracted Kenya Power and Lighting Company to supply electricity on the suit property in 1997. He even has a Landline connected to his home on the suit property connected way back in the year 2000. All this evidence confirms his possession and occupation of the land for over 12 years. The Defendant’s argument that the case filed in the High Court interrupted the statutory period holds no water since the Plaintifi was not a party the case. The Plaintifi has therefore satisfactorily proved that he has continuously been in possession of the suit property for more than 12 years. B. Whether the plaintifi is entitled to the orders sought. 45. In deciding the issue of Adverse Possession, the primary function of a Court is to draw legal inferences from proved facts. Such inferences are clearly matters of law. Thus, whereas possession is a matter of fact, the question whether that possession is adverse or not is a matter of legal conclusion to be drawn from the findings of facts as stated in the case of Kweyu vs Omuto, C A Civ Appeal 8 of 1990 (unreported). This position was re-stated in the case of Wilson Njoroge Kamau vs Nganga Muceru Kamau [2020] eKLR 46. This Court is satisfied that the Plaintifi has proved a case of Adverse Possession in respect of the suit property on a balance of probabilities. The court therefore allows the Plaintifi’s case in the following terms: a) That Edward Mbogois declared to have acquired title by adverse possession to the suit premises known as Plot No. 220 Thome Farmers No. 5 Limited, also known as L.R No. 13330/16. b) That the registration of Joreth Limitedas proprietor of L.R. NO. 13330/16 and/or any other persons deriving title from Joreth Limitedbased on the land previously known as Plot No. 13330/16 be cancelled forthwith. c) An Order be and is hereby issued directing the Chief Registrar of Titles to rectify the register to enter the name of Edward Mbogoas registered proprietor of the said property L.R. No. 13330/16 in place of Joreth Limited or anyone deriving title from it. d) The costs of this suit shall be in favour of the Plaintifi. It is so ordered. DATED, SIGNED, AND DELIVERED AT NAIROBI THIS 28TH DAY OF JUNE 2022. M.D. MWANGI JUDGE In the Virtual presence of:Mr. Kinga’ra for the Plaintifi. Mr. Wagura h/b for Mrs. Koech for the Defendant. https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/2514/eng@2022-06-28 7

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M.D. MWANGI JUDGE https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keelc/2022/2514/eng@2022-06-28 8

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