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evidence was contradictory; for failing to address its mind properly on the issue of identication of the appellant; by failing to nd that the complainant’s testimony was corroborated by medical evidence; and by rejecting his defence which was reasonable enough to cast doubt upon the prosecution case. 3. We held virtual hearing of the appeal on July 12, 2022, and the Appellant was in person appearing from Shimo La Tewa Prison, while the respondent was represented by learned prosecution counsel, Mr. Kirui. Both theappellant and Mr. Kirui relied on their respective written submissions led on July 1, 2022 and, May 25, 2022. We will commence our determination by restating the role of this court as a second appellate court as set out in Karani v R [2010] 1 KLR 73 as follows:“ This is a second appeal. By dint of the provisions of section 361 of the Criminal Procedure Code, we are enjoined to consider only matters of law. We cannot interfere with the decision of the superior court on facts unless it is demonstrated that the trial court and the rst appellate court considered matters they ought not to have considered or that they failed to consider matters they should have considered or that looking at the evidence as a whole they were plainly wrong in their decision, in which case such omission or commission would be treated as matters of law.” 4. The main issue for determination in this appeal is whether the appellant’s conviction was upheld on the basis of a proper and legal analysis and evaluation assessment of the evidence. Very briey the evidence in the trial court was that on August 10, 2012, the complainant (PW2) who was eleven years old, while in the company of her schoolmates PW4 and PW7, was oered a lift from the bus stop by the appellant, who after dropping o PW4 and PW7, took PW2 to his house undressed her and inserted his ‘thing for urinating into her place for urinating’. PW2 told her mother (PW1) and cousin (PW5) about the incident three days later, who accompanied PW2 to the house where the incident had happened, did not nd the Appellant’s there, and they later found him at his house reported the matter to the police station. There statements were thereupon taken by PW6 who was the investigating ocer, and the complainant was thereafter taken to and examined by PW3 a medical doctor at Coast General Hospital, who lled a P3 form that he produced during the trial. 5. The appellant’s submissions are rstly, that his right to a fair trial under article 50 of the Constitution included the right to an identication parade prior to being charged under the procedure was set down in the Kenya Police Force Standing Orders, and that without proper identication of a suspect who later becomes an accused person, there cannot be a proper conviction. Reliance was placed on the decision in Oluoch v Republic (1985) KLR 549 that a dock identication of an accused person is almost worthless. 6. According to the appellant, the police did not conduct an identication parade, yet the question before the trialcourt was whether theappellant was the one who deled the complainant. Further, that the complainant (PW2), PW3 and PW4 stated in their testimony that the incident occurred when they were waiting to board a matatu to go home from school during the day time, and that they did not know the appellant before the material day. However that PW2 later stated that the appellant was an immediate neighbor, and that PW2, PW3 and PW4 did not point out the Appellant to the police as the alleged perpetrator. Therefore, that the disparities cast reasonable doubt on the veracity of the evidence on identication, the identication of the Appellant was that of a stranger and based on visual identication, and was insucient for court to form an opinion that the complainant properly identied the appellant without the aid of an identication parade. Reliance was placed on the decisions in Cleophas Otieno Wamunga v Rep (1989) KLR 424 and in Wafula and 3 others v Republic. 7. Secondly, on whether the prosecution had proved its case beyond reasonable doubt, theappellant drew court’s attention to the case of Jacob Odhiambo Omuombo v Rep Cr App No 28 of 2008 (Kisumu) https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keca/2022/1274/eng@2022-11-18 2

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where it was held that penetration was a key ingredient for the oence of delement and must therefore be satisfactorily proved. The appellant submitted that the trial Court relied on the evidence of delement by the victim, and from the medical evidence of PW3 as well as the P3 form, other than noting the absence of the hymen and that it was not freshly perforated, there was no opinion or conclusion made as to when the complainant was deled. The appellant submitted that it was trite law that under the provisions of section 124 of the Evidence Act, a trial court can convict on the evidence of the victim alone as held in Mohamed v Republic (2008) KLR (G & F) 1175, however that for the court to do so, it must rst believe or be satised that the victim was telling the truth and secondly it must record the reason for such belief. 8. That in the present case, in accepting that the complainant had been deled, the High Court merely stated in its judgment that the complainant’s testimony was corroborated by the medical evidence and her hymen was not intact, and ought to have subjected the evidence to fresh and exhaustive examination He placed reliance on Arthur Mshila Manga v Rep. [2016] eKLR it was held that where the medical evidence having failed to conrm that the victim was deled, the only other evidence of delement was that of victim herself, and that the prosecution failed to produce the rst report of the oence to conrm that it pointed to the appellant. Therefore, that the case was not proved to the required standard of law. 9. Mr. Kirui on his placed reliance on the case of John Mutua Munyoki v Republic [2017] eKLR which set out the elements of delement, to submit that the victim was eleven (11) years old as evidenced by the birth certicate produced by the victim’s mother; penetration was proved by the victim when she narrated what had happened, which was reiterated during cross examination and was corroborated by PW3 who stated that the hymen was not intact and who produced the P3 form; the victim positively identied the appellant as the one who deled her and further evidence of positive identication was that the appellant carried PW2, PW4 and another minor in his car, who testied that they left the victim with the appellant. Reference was made to section 124 of the Evidence Act which provided that in cases of sexual oences the Court could convict on the evidence of a child even if there was no corroboration. 10. The counsel further submitted that the alleged contradictions were immaterial, and that the defence never marked or produced the statements as a defence exhibit for the trial court and High Court to peruse and arrive at a determination thereon. On sentence, it was asserted that it was legal as set out in the provisions section 8 (1) and (2) of the Sexual Offence Act and the Court exercised its judicial discretion and considered the mitigation by the Appellant. 11. We start our consideration by reiterating the holding by this court in John Mutua Munyoki v Republic, [2017] eKLR, that under the Sexual Offences Act, the main elements of the oence of delement are as follows: i. The victim must be a minor, and ii. There must be penetration of the genital organ and such penetration need not be complete or absolute. Partial penetration will suce. In this regard, genital organs are dened in section 2 of the Sexual Offences Act to include the whole or part of male or female genital organs and for purposes of the Act, include the anus. 12. It is not in dispute that the complainant’s age was ascertained by a birth certicate produced by PW1 showing the complainant’s date of birth to be August 8, 2001. It is also notable that PW2’s evidence was both of the date of penetration which she testied to be August 10, 2012, and of the act of the said penetration which she described in detail, and her sole evidence was in this regard sucient under section 124 of the Evidence Act. The High Court did not err in nding that the trial court properly https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keca/2022/1274/eng@2022-11-18 3

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relied on the said section, and in this regard the trial court detailed the reasons why it found PW2’s evidence to be truthful. The medical evidence of PW3 in the circumstances merely corroborated the evidence already given by PW2 as to when and how the delement occurred. 13. On identication of the perpetrator of the oence, thiscourt (Omolo, Bosire & O'Kubasu JJ.A) set the requirements for a positive identication in Francis Kariuki Njiru & 7 others v Republic [2001] eKLR, which are that the identication should be free from error considering all the surrounding circumstances. In the present appeal, the evidence as regards identication of the perpetrator of the oence was that on the material date, the appellant introduced himself to PW2 as the father of Farouk and a neighbour and oered PW2 a lift. PW4 and PW7 were present when this happened and were also given a lift by the appellant, and left him with PW2 in the car when they alighted. PW2 was specic on cross examination that the appellant then took her to his house at 1.00pm on the material date and they left the house at 4.00pm. 14. On the following day, PW2 again saw theappellant at the water point, when he asked her to return to the house they had been and she refused. On the third day after PW2 told her mother of the incident, PW1 and PW2 went to theappellant’s house where they found the appellant and his car. This was thus a case of recognition, theappellant having been previously seen in broad daylight for considerable periods of time and on three dierent occasions by the complainant. The High Court therefore did not err in nding that the appellant was previously known to PW2, and that there was positive identication in the circumstances. 15. In addition, there was therefore no need for an identication parade in the circumstances, as explained by this court in Hassan Kahindi Katana Alias Kinungu & another v Republic, Malindi Criminal Appeal No 8 of 2019 as follows: “ It is also notable that an identication parade is not necessary where the witness is positively condent at the time of commission of the crime as to the identity of the perpetrator of the oence, and will only become necessary where the victim of the crime did not know the accused before his acquaintance with him during the commission of the oence, or identication was made under dicult circumstances such that the witness may have made a mistake. See the decisions of this court in Kinyanjui & 2 others v Republic (1989) KLR 60, Samuel Kilonzo Musau v Republic (2014) e KLR: and Andrea Nahashon Mwarisha v Republic [2018] eKLR.” 16. The appellant in his defence conrmed giving the complainant a lift on the material day and that she was present in the house where he took the gas, but denied deling her. This defence was considered and dismissed by the High Court, and rightly so, as it did not raise any doubts on the account of events given by the complainant. Lastly, on the sentence imposed of life imprisonment, this court can only address the legality of the sentence and not its severity. It is notable that under section 8(2) of the Sexual Offences Act, there is a mandatory minimum sentence of life imprisonment for conviction for deling a child aged eleven years or less. The sentence imposed on the appellant by the trial court was a therefore legally sound and the High Court did not err in upholding it. 17. We accordingly nd that this appeal has no merit and the same is dismissed in its entirety. 18. It is so ordered. DATED AND DELIVERED AT MOMBASA THIS 18TTH DAY OF NOVEMBER, 2022. S. GATEMBU KAIRU, FCIArb ................................ https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keca/2022/1274/eng@2022-11-18 4

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JUDGE OF APPEAL P. NYAMWEYA ................................ JUDGE OF APPEAL J. LESIIT ................................ JUDGE OF APPEAL I certify that this is a true copy of the original Signed DEPUTY REGISTRAR https://new.kenyalaw.org/akn/ke/judgment/keca/2022/1274/eng@2022-11-18 5

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